Disability and Social Care

Discuss about the Social and the Medical Models of Disability.

This essay discusses the aspect of social care for the deprived people especially the disabled person who are incapable of attending all the necessary functions which other common people are capable of Social care aims to serve the clients from any harm and providing them the best advantages. Different countries have different norms to support the citizens so that they can reach the social care support systems provided by the gowning and other non-governmental agencies. On the other hand, the social care practitioners serve as the medium who assess different principles, theories and social care strategies in order to apply proper support principles on their support procedures (Mol, Moser, & Pols, 2015). These social care practitioners aim to build a person centered approach in working with the clients. There is diverse issue that emerge in this care process which include legislation issues, ethical issues and function as well as impact of the existing policies while caring for the clients.

This essay particularly discusses the issues of disability among the people who are the most disadvantaged group in the society. These section of care has the most vitality among all sections of social as well as health care because it applies on both physical health as well as mental health. This is the reason why most of the disabled groups experiences low rate of economic as well as social participation (Crossey, Crow, & Sanderson, 2014). Moreover, these groups experience high rate of poverty, violation, bad health and most importantly exclusion from the society. People with disability record a wider conceptual category which encompasses all stages of life of the people as well as impact on the different life domains. The social constrictions and categorization based on age, gender, class, race, sexuality, ethnicity, origin and language compound the disadvantages of the people with disabilities. This essay analyses the social care theories and their efficiency in caring these people with different types of disabilities. It also discusses the practical impact of these theories. This essay concludes with an example of framework for the social care practitioners who face different types of difficulties and barriers while taking care of the disable patients.

The concept of the care for the disabled people has been changing with time hence there is a major shift in the theoretical aspects also. Disability is now being seen to be an element of diversity though historically disability used to be judged through physical and spiritual demonization. However, contemporary theorists, influenced by pluralism, view this issue within the complicated and diverse universe of human experience (Gilson & DePoy, 2002). This is the reason why the problem of disability has been perceived to be a multi-level social justice concern which is embedded with a specific, social, political, economic, cultural and relational environment. For understanding disability there are two major perspectives need to be defined  (Artbeyondsight.org, 2018). One perspective locates disability as internal to the individual and another identifies disabling factors in external environments to the individuals.

Theoretical Perspectives on Disability

As disability is a sense of incapacity to perform actions due to physical and psychological barrier, it need to have a medical explanation. This is the reason why the presentation has discussed about the diagnostic approach to disability. This approach is solely based on the medical explanation of the individual health condition (Crossey, Crow, & Sanderson, 2014). Under this perspective, the issue of disability can be defined to be impediments associated with behavioral, physical, cognitive, psychological and sensory that create a distinction among the less abled individuals and those who are free from such range of impediments along with those who can recuperate with such impediments. This particular approach essentializes the concept of disability in one hand and locates it within the individuals. Therefore, the social services for serving disability is mainly curation and aim to remediate the disability.

This particular approach is based on the historic notion of illness advanced in the early 1950s by Parsons. According to him, the ailment releases the sick individuals from the compliance with the socially enforced norms in behavior. In order to get relief from social behavioral norms the individuals are to be compliant with and appreciate the medical intervention to recover. Expectedly this diagnostic approach to disability will not be able to be applied on those whose illness are by and large incurable (Lee & Ko, 2014). Therefore, this approach can be approach only on the individuals who can be recovered from their illness and keeps the critically ill individuals deficient outside the social acceptability. According to the critics of this approach, diagnostic approach to care disability classify an individual with disabilities deviant and noncompliant to the conventional behaviors.

Within the diagnostic approach, the idea of rehabilitation underlies a wide variety of interventions. As the chief aim of the social care practitioners to take curative measures to serve the clients, this concept of rehabilitation is important (Artbeyondsight.org, 2018). This intervention aims to improve the function as well as the wellbeing of the individuals with the help of medical diagnosis. This diagnostic approach to disability sharply contrasts with the occupational therapy as well as vocational rehabilitation. These later approaches are mainly concerned with the alteration and elimination of the environmental barriers which originally create impediments in the functions of the individuals  (Crossey, Crow, & Sanderson, 2014). The orientation of these fields is apparent as they are concerned with the diagnostic fictional abnormality which include developmental disability as well as psychosis. These are regardless of the interventions. The patients are referred to the rehabilitations as what is apparent to be medical condition, limits the function. This approach to disability designs the work of the rehabilitations professional by modifying the environment of the individuals for prospect intervention (Wakabayashi & Sakuma, 2014). In this approach, the practice of rehabilitation ranges from the adaptation of an environment for fitting the individual limitations to work with the clients to adapt perfect environment as well as exhibit a more normative action.

Diagnostic Approach to Disability

This diagnostic approach to disability is also called medical model that holds that the disability results from the individual’s psychological and physical limitations. It is largely disconnected to the social environment hence limits the function. A more sophisticated approach allows the economic factors to function and recognizes the effects of the poor economic condition in increasing vulnerability of the disabled persons. The first and foremost problem with this approach is that it seeks to fix the sickness of a dialed person. This idea however fails because the disabled personas are not necessarily sick hence they cannot be improved by remedial treatments  (Crossey, Crow, & Sanderson, 2014). Therefore, the approach limits the solution for accepting the abnormalities and providing necessary care to the “incurable” impaired persons (Bigby, Tilbury, & Hughes, 2017). This approach limits the options for the policy makers also. It only supports the programs of rehabilitation, vocational training and income maintenance programs so that the policy makers cane only offer provisions for necessary equipment and provisions. Secondly, most of the critics have pointed out the inappropriateness of the term ‘abnormality’. This approach poses a paternalistic model to the problem solving that concentrates on the concept of care through segregation for supporting the incurable impaired patient. Despite the fact that this approach first provides the therapeutic aspects that aim to cure the physical as well as mental condition of the disabled people, it does not offer a realistic perspective from the viewpoint of disabled people themselves. Thus restricts the opportunities of the disabled people for making choices and developing their potential.

In the field of practice one needs to know the methods of applying different approaches that are very useful to reach the patients and cater them according to their requirements. It is a well-known fact that different clients have different needs which changes their response at the services provided (Williams, 2017). As social work aims to serve the persons with disabilities therefore, one needs to know the economic, social and cultural background of that person, then apply for appropriate approaches who will bring the expected outcomes. As mentioned before, medical or diagnostic approach is the chief model that the social care practitioners follow initially because this model uses therapeutic approach which is a necessity of the patients in their initial stages of disability treatment. With the course of time and treatment the social care practitioners follow different approaches like social model, bio-psychological model and economic model to serve the clients more efficiently. These different approaches help the practitioners to understand the crisis of the individuals deeply so that they can be treated exactly according to their psychological needs.

Rehabilitation Intervention

In the course of practice, the practitioners come across various social problems in which the disabled persons especially children get mostly affected  (Artbeyondsight.org, 2018). According to the tragedy of charity model of disability, these victims of social upheavals as well as natural calamities or any kind of tragedies deserve pity  (Wakabayashi & Sakuma, 2014). Tragedy perspective is one of the mostly used approaches that the common people with the medical approach. Initially this model of charity was used to raise funds where the televised children and disabled person were iconized to be victims of war, famine, poverty, abuse and other negative circumstances. Despite the fact that through this iconization the organization as well as governments used to raise funds successfully but the persons with disabilities found this aspect to be very offensive (Hallahan, 2010). This iconisation of the disables as objects of pity has more far reaching effect. Numerous charities exist to aid the people with specific type of disability which creates scope for segmentation and medical classification exactly like medical approach of disability.

Social perspective views the issue of disability as the consequences of social, attitudinal and environmental barriers which prevent the persons with disabilities from participating in society  (Crossey, Crow, & Sanderson, 2014). The philosophy associated with the civil rights movement advocates for self-determination of the disabled persons. According to the critics the social model argues that due to various social and physical barriers, the opportunities of taking part in the normal social life gets lost and limited and the disable communities cannot take part in the equal level with other normal persons (Curran, 2008). Social model is also referred to be the minority group model of disability. This supports the socio-political perspective that the issue of disability branches from the inability of the society to correct for meeting the requirements and aspirations of the disabled minority. The society needs to be adaptive so that it can create scope for all the people living in the same place without any discrimination. The strength of this model can be felt directly in the social care practice because it categorizes the individuals for any theory like diagnostic approach but can be applied on groups who have identical abilities and needs. This model has been successfully applied in the welfare countries like Canada, Australia and the USA health care system. However, this model has two disadvantages. One is associated with the proper understanding the focus of this model especially by the charities dedicated to help the persons with disability and those of the professional working in the rehabilitation centers. On the other hand, social model cannot be applied on the societies where the population of the older people with imparities is higher that makes the situation harder for the society to adapt (Baldry, Bratel, & Breckenridge, 2006). In order to remove these challenges, the theorists have discussed about the social adapted model where the sole concentration is not on the limitations of the individuals but takes account of the capabilities as well as the potential of the people. In addition to this, social model of disability ignores the as well as dismisses the injury of illness as a part of the disability picture, whereas in most of the cases, this disease or injury can be the root cause of disability that gradually leads to the mental illness. It ignores the necessary intervention by the health care providers at the time of emergency or regularly for betterment (Moyle, 2016). The supporters of the social approach disability encourage the disable persons to see every problems as originated from the social barriers which spread a negative attitude in them.

Issues with Medical Model

The Biopsychosocial Model combines both the medical approaches as well as the social approaches of disability. The World Health Organization has been following this model for latest international classification along with functioning. This models allows a coherent view of various perspectives of health by integrating biological, social and individual aspects that allows to see problems in physical, environmental and emotional level  (Li, Shaffer, & Bagger, 2015). This approach perfectly matches with the revised version of disability by WHO because it takes the emphasis beyond the individuals but addresses problems which interact for affecting the capabilities of the person to maintain a high level of health as well as wellbeing, possible thus function effectivity like others. In recent time, this approach is very much popular because like social approach it does not ignore the disabilities often originated from illness or soma kind of injury. It also does not dismiss the vitality of the impact of the environmental, biological and emotional issues on the person’s health, wellbeing as well as proper functioning in the society  (Logan & Chung, 2001). The disabled condition here is more important construct than those issues of social and economic barriers or experiences of a disabled person.

The interface model is another very efficient model that helps the social care practitioners to act according to the needs of the disable persons. This model is based on the premise in which the disability exists at the interface between medical diagnosis of the disabled person and the environmental factors affecting disability. Disability here is not a factor of medical guidance nor a consequence of external barriers  (Artbeyondsight.org, 2018). The person with disability here gets the opportunity to consult with the social care practitioners by defining his own problems and seek solutions. Through this perspectives, obey can see the aspect of disability to be an experience in life in which the disabled person is empowered as well as controlled.

For working with the disables, the social care practitioners need to lay a framework by which they will be able to keep themselves focussed in their works. In serving the disable persons, the practitioners face different aspects among which the family violence does not get proper exposure. In such cases, the practitioners follow anti-oppressive practices through community development approaches where they focus on the family system of the patient. They need to provide proper support to the families of the disabled person along with him to access the sectors of employment, recreational and community events. Encouragement to access social activities through social participation, vocational goals and trainings. In the cases of psychological disability, the clients remain traumatized because of various reasons and the social care practitioners assisted them to come over from that situation as well as help to follow their own goals by eliminating those reasons of trauma. Therefore, the practitioners need to increase their ability to properly understand the goal and aspiration of the person. Ability to follow their plan for achieving goals, wellbeing and health where the care environment is complicated but they assist them in overcome environmental circumstances. In order to gain more acceptability, the practitioners encourage the person’s farther independence by helping to develop ability to use technologies and tools. Suggest alternatives to the existing arrangements. The family is an emotional unit and there is a dynamic affecting between the family members. The social care practitioners thus enhance working knowledge with the person with disability in a comfortable familiar atmosphere and acquire proper knowledge of person centered approaches. They need to gain ability to identify and understand the requirement for fulfilling the person’s goals, ability to contribute to practical implementation of person centered plans including multiple service supports.

Approaches to Social Care: Bio-Psychological, Social and Economic Models

Therefore, it can be concluded that there are numerous theories related to the care for the disable people which can have effective application on the life and work of the social care practitioners. These theories and approaches have different advantages as well as disadvantages because they have different implication in different situation as well as the criteria of the persons with disability. There are various external and internal factors that directly affect the physicality and mentality of the disable persons and increase vulnerability. This is the reason why the social care practitioners are to be careful to develop their skills so that they can provide an all-inclusive service to their clients.

References:

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