Product Life Cycle

Product life cycle essentially defined as the progression approach which encompasses all the four stages of the product from the initial period to the final phase. The key stages involved in the product cycle include the introduction, growth and maturity alongside decline phase. Notably, the time spent from one phase to other often differs from one product to the other.

(b) What are the three sub-phases of the design phase? For each sub-phase, list two key activities that occur within the sub-phase. Discuss the implications of this work breakdown on design team composition. 

There are three essential sub-phases in line with design phase

Schematic Phase

This phase comprises of building systems, building site and exterior as well as interior finishes.

Development Phase

This phase mainly entails exterior and interior finishes as well as building materials, layouts, furniture alongside equipment selection.  

Construction Phase

This phase entails appraising the statutes, compliance and federal codes.

Discuss the implications of this work breakdown on design team composition.

There are various advantages associated with breaking work into different sections. Some of the advantages include ease work analysis and the overall visualization of the various processes. Also,

(a) In the Preliminary System Design phase, the following specifications are generated:

1. System
2. Development
3. Product
4. Process and
5. Material

Briefly explain what each specification addresses.

System- In the preliminary analysis the overall system is appraised using the check list and the pre-visit analysis.  Also, the views in line with the operations and the impacts of the process mainly conducted in this process.

Development – this stage mainly deals with the preliminary analysis on the progressions of the product. Mostly, the building layout mainly sketched and illustrated in this stage.

Product- various analogies regarding the products mainly appraised inn this stage but they conducted as per the preliminary analysis.

Process- also the process which one is likely to undertake in the design process and the overall layout process mainly highlighted and demarcated in this process.  

Material- also, the effects in line with the material mainly appraised in line with the site, soli suitability as well  as the overall hydrology.

(b) Explain how sub-systems are identified. Discuss the process whereby system-level TPMs (Technical Performance Measures) are allocated to sub-systems. In your discussion, consider what happens when a TPM for a particular subsystem cannot be determined.

Explain how sub-systems are identified

The identification of the various sub-systems mainly grounded on the approach summarized as shown below

Discuss the process whereby system-level TPMs (Technical Performance Measures) are allocated to sub-systems

First and foremost, it is important to note that technical performance measure refers to the set criteria used in appraising and establishing the conformity of the products in line with the specific requirements.   The allocation process mainly grounded on the utilization of the five key elements. System operation availability is the first element and this is denoted as Ao. The analogy utilizes the quantitative requirements and this often depicted in line with the allowable target as far as the set target is concerned.

(a) There are four types of testing, designated as Types 1-4. Briefly describe the nature of each testing type and when in the system lifecycle they should be employed.

Design Phases

The four mainly testing types essentially discussed as follows

Test-1

This test incorporates the breadboards, engineering models, bench-test models, services test as well as the software models. The elements mainly used in developing and in coming up with the operational characteristics, physical design as well as the overall performance. Furthermore, the models often represent either the designated or the entire components of the system.

Test-2

This mainly entails the evaluation and the overall personnel test. The essential application of the test type primarily aims at verifying the existing relationship between the equipment and the people, software and people as well as the skill levels needed in the design and the personnel quantities alongside training needs. The application offers paramount advantages and immense applications when one is handling the verification of technical data and those of operations and maintenance in the lifecycle as well as in the production process.

Test-3  

This is paramount in the lifecycle and it tends to indicate the all elements which are often need and required for both the evaluation as well as operational integrations in the designing.  Some of the elements considered in this phase include the software and  prime equipment, software as well  as personnel  and  how the parameters integrates with other ingredients as far as the overall process is concerned.

Test 4

This approach mainly used in the first phase when one is evaluating and establishing the system true capability. The capability mainly appraised in line with the customer’s environment operations.  Furthermore, this system mainly used and applied in establishing both the efficient as well as effective objectives to be used in developing decisive approach. Subsequently, improvements can also be worked out by varying the maintenance and the operational support policies in the context.

(b) Explain the difference between mock-ups, engineering models and prototypes? When in the system lifecycle should they be employed?

Explain the difference between mock-ups, engineering models and prototypes

Mock-ups refer to the utilization and the application of the zoning concept in the lifecycle. On the other hand engineering models refers to the development efforts and system design progresses. Engineering models incorporates the basic processes which often evolve from the overall design descriptions including drawings and documentations to the database.

Prototype model refers to the representation primarily used in the construction as well as in establishing the system configurations in line with the form aspects, functions and  the fit elements utilized in the system. Notably, the prototypes often used as the preliminary concepts since they have not fully qualified as far the environmental and the operational testing  is concerned.  

When in the system lifecycle should they be employed?

 The analogies mainly employed when dealing with the development and the design process in the product lifecycle. Furthermore, the concepts also employed in evaluating and appraising that the product performs and meet both the customers’ needs as well as the customer’s satisfactions in the long run.

(a) Two commonly used reliability analysis methods are Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA). Compare and contrast the two approaches 

• Explain what is meant by the terms manufacturability, producibility, disposability and sustainability. How are they related?

System Design Specifications

Manufacturability mainly defined as the designing practices regarding the engineering products in the makeable way of ensuring that they ease the manufacturing process. This term also refers to the design for manufacture (Torenbeek, 2013).

Producibility  is defined as the manufacturing process mainly conducted in line with the ease  process and which aims at producing large quantities.

Disposability: the concept entails all the designs which one works with and is able to either utilize in the meantime  or used up in the long run.

Sustainability   is the concepts which mainly works with the aim of  attaining balance. It entails the application of sustainable development whose main aim is to ensure that both the current demands and those of the future are attained decisively via the application and  the utilization of available resources sustainably (Caputo, Greco, Fera, Caiazzo, & Spada, 2018, August).

 (b) Describe what is meant by the term human factors. Why is it important to consider human factors in design? When in the system lifecycle should it be considered and why? 

Term Human Factors

Human factors in design mainly defined as the technique on how different individuals tend to interact with environment and equipment with aim of evaluating as well as understanding the overall interactions.  

Why is it important to consider human factors in design?

The key and vital objective of integrating human factors in the design process is to optimize human as well as increase effectiveness and system efficiency, health life quantity alongside safety in the production.

When in the system lifecycle should it be considered and why?

First and foremost, it is important to consider human factors when one is establishing the parametric design requirements regarding the system. In this case, keen consideration must be maintained in line with the human body physical dimensions.  Notably, the analysis indicates that body dimensions often vary when appraising the norm between the dynamic conditions and the overall static state. Furthermore, it is important to consider impacts of the overall environmental stresses in line with human body when designing for the lifecycle. The key analysis mainly emergences when one is performing the given task as far as the production is concerned. In essence, both the analogies regarding the strain as well as the overall stress in the process must be considered and incorporated in the process.  

Question 6

• What will a Program Management Plan typically contain?

The program management plan typically is the document which gives the in-depth on how the various phases in the project may be achieved. Some of the elements which this document will contain include

• Project Scope
• Strategies to be used in the project
• Human resource requirements
• Feasibility assessment as well as contingency plans
• Project schedule as well  as  milestones
• Risk management

(b) What will a System Engineering Management Plan typically contain?      

This is a key and essential document which often contains the activities, organization footages, milestones as well as resource requirements which one need to accomplish as far as the tasks and the functions as are concerned. The analysis on  the  various components which the System Engineering Management Plan often incorporates mainly appraised  as indicated in the figure below

References

Caputo, F., Greco, A., Fera, M., Caiazzo, G., & Spada, S. (2018, August). Simulation Techniques for Ergonomic Performance Evaluation of Manual Workplaces During Preliminary Design Phase. In Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (pp. 170-180). Springer, Cham.

Torenbeek, E. (2013). Synthesis of subsonic airplane design: an introduction to the preliminary design of subsonic general aviation and transport aircraft, with emphasis on layout, aerodynamic design, propulsion and performance. Springer Science & Business Media.