Democratic Republic and Its Features

Discuss about the Multiculturalism and Pluralism in Secular Society.

Democratic republic signifies a country that is both a democracy and a republic. In simple words, it means a country wherein the powers and authority of the government is obtained from the citizens of the country itself, and wherein the government itself is functioned through the elected executives. Countries that signify themselves as a democratic republic suggest that their people have a government that is answerable to all of them. Furthermore, it also means that every people (adult) in such a country possess a right to vote in the elections irrespective of any creed, caste, sex, wealth, religion, etc. In addition, a democratic republic country has unrestricted access to media such as internet, newspapers, magazines, other political and civil rights, and a responsible government as a whole (Roald, 2009). In the current scenario, a democracy is representative as always and not direct. In other words, people in a democratic republic country choose their executives to operate the government and transfer laws for them, instead of voting directly on the laws.

The system of checks and balances is considered an integral part of the Constitution. With such a system, each of the three limbs of the government- executive, legislative, and judiciary can restrict the powers of the others, thereby facilitating in guaranteeing checks and balances betwixt these. It is notable that the Constitution has allotted limited powers to these branches so that one cannot become stronger than the other can, and efficiency of work is established.

The procedure of law formation is a good example of how the Constitution guarantees checks and balances at work. Firstly, the legislative branch initiates and votes on a particular bill that is forwarded to the executive branch wherein the President possesses the power to decide whether the specific bill is beneficial for the country or not. If he or she is satisfied upon the bill’s effectiveness, then it is signed and hence becomes a law (Pauline, 2010). If the President is unsure of the bill’s effectiveness, then it is not signed, and hence referable as a veto. In contrast to this, the legislative branch can gain a further chance and it can surpass the decision of the President, only after getting the maximum number of votes in favor. Hence, the bill can become a law by both executive and legislative branches. Furthermore, once such a law is established, the judiciary branch takes control wherein the people can examine the law via the court system. If the people oppose such a law, they can file lawsuit, and the judicial lawyers can present arguments for and against the matter. However, the judge decides the ultimate outcome and the losing party can further appeal to a higher authority. Nevertheless, if the legislative branch does not align with the decision of the judicial branch, a new legislation can be presented, thereby starting the procedure once again.

Checks and Balances in Constitution of Democratic Republics

Proposition 209 is even termed as the California Civil Rights Initiative or CCRI. It is a California ballot proposition that upon the approval in the year 1996 altered the constitution to discard state government institutions from consideration of race, sex or ethnicity majorly concerning the area of public employment, contracting and education of people.

The main issue cropped up in 1996 when the U.S District Judge put a restriction on the enforcement of the proposition. The ruling was overturned by three judge panel. Moreover, Proposition 209 has been the chief cause of innumerable lawsuit in the state court since the proposition has been the cause of legal scrutiny over the years (UCLA, 2016).

Multiculturalism and pluralism make beneficial ways for the existence of various cultures in a particular society and because of globalization; this has enhanced cultural diversity in various workplaces. For instance, low cost and ease of travel has facilitated in developing cultural diversity in the society (Roald, 2009).

The American legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) serves as a voice for special interests in America (state legislatures). The lawyers, lobbyists, corporate personnel, together with the member legislators of the ALEC prepare lobby for and safeguards passage of a broad formation of various bills to encourage corporate interests.

Those who suffered reverse discrimination for them the meaning of dissent implies strong disagreement from a particular subject. It means holding an opinion that varies in comparison to the official nature of the definition. Hence, a wide difference is observed.

People pursuing elite interests get greater influence on the public policies in comparison to people with minority interests. Furthermore, wherein citizens attained their desired policy result, it was because of the influence of elites instead of minorities.

Whilst distributive justice signifies equal distribution of harm and gain, compensatory justice is altogether different from this. In relation to underprivileged groups, this justice suggests consideration from an ethical viewpoint whether they truly deserve this influence and whether they are to be compensated (Roald, 2009).

Color-blind society means the group of people who disregards racial attributes while selecting which persons will indulge in an activity or attain some kind of service. In simple words, this society posits the best procedure to terminate discrimination by treating them as equally as possible.

There are various type of audits like the financial audit, operational audit, follow up audit, integrated audit, etc.
Financial audit – it is historical in nature have an independent assessment done with an aim of adhering to the fairness, accuracy and reliable nature of the financial data.

Proposition 209 and Legal Scrutiny

Operational Audit – this audit is based on future prediction and hence, an independent assessment of the organizational activities can be visualized. Here, there is a possibility of using the financial data but the main sources of evidence include policies of operations and other landmarks that is linked to the objectives of the organization (Drury, 2011).

Integrated audit – it is a merge of an operational audit, review of the department and the integrated system. Such an assessment provides for a well defined evaluation of the main operation within the university.

This audit takes place after a span of six months and happens after the report of internal or external audit has been issued. It is formulated to ascertain important action that has been taken on the issues reported in the main report.

The traditional method of accounting in the public sector pertains to the allocation of manufacturing overhead costs to the manufacture of the product. The traditional method is termed as the conventional method that assign or allocate the indirect cost of the factory to the items that are manufactured on the volume basis like the production of units, direct labor hours, etc (Drury, 2011).

By utilizing the machine hours to allocate the overhead of manufacturing to products it implies that the machine hours are the main factor for the factory overhead. In an orthodox manner, this practice is well suited for the public sector and is followed for a very long time.

A budget game is a game designed to cover areas such as monthly budget, evaluation of financial plans, etc. the main objective is to create a path that stress on various activities and monitoring becomes easy. Budget game helps in knowing the areas that needs proper attention. This game helps in proper planning and can be followed by organization to fulfill its objectives.

Budget theory can be defined as a way to measure and transform plans that is meant for the utilization of physical resources into financial values. It is the main act of adding together the quantities that combines into a well defined economic environment.  The economic value is defined in terms of monetary value. Budgeting practice helps in the finance function as it bridges the gap between the planning and control process of the management (Horngren, 2011). The practice of budgeting is closely linked to planning. It projects the expression in financial ways that pertains to an organization and helps in fulfillment of objectives.

The primary aim of budgeting is to plan and forecast that will enable the organization in meeting the objectives. The two important objectives of budgeting are:

Planning is the sole aim of budgeting and managers are needed to provide a detailed plan so that long term plans can be fulfilled and strategic plans formulated. The annual process of budgeting influences managers to strive for operations that pertains to future, filter the strategic plans that are existing in nature and consider mechanism of how to plan for future scenarios (Drury, 2011). This enables the managers to forecast the problem and helps in fruitful decision making.

The main aim of budgeting is to facilitate and provide a balanced action that pertains to different parts of the organization. It helps the managers to scrutinize the link between the various parts of the organization. Moreover, it aids in decision making and eliminating conflicts (Drury, 2011). It helps the managers in making a prompt decision that goes in favor of the organization.

References

Drury, C. (2011). Cost and management accounting. Andover, Hampshire, UK: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Horngren, C. (2011). Cost accounting. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia.

Pauline, M. (2010). Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution. New York: Simon & Schuste

Roald, A.S. (2009).  Multiculturalism and Pluralism in Secular Society: Individual or Collective Rights?. Retrieved November 4, 2016 from https://dspace.mah.se/bitstream/handle/2043/12626/multiculturalism_roald.pdf?sequence=2

UCLA. (2016). The Impact of Proposition 209 and our Duty to our students. Retrieved November 4, 2016 from https://chancellor.ucla.edu/updates/the-impact-of-proposition-209-and-our-duty-to-our-students