DIRECTIONS:Turn the pages in this order:  (1) cover page, (2) research proposal paragraph, (3) sentence outline, (4) ELEVEN body pages and (5) works cited page, as indicated at the bottom of this document. STAPLE THE PAGES IN THE INDICATED ORDER OF 1 THROUGH 5!Read ALL of the information below before you begin to write.PLEASE HAND IN YOUR PAGES STAPLED TOGETHER IN THE FOLLOWING ORDER:1.  Cover Page2.  Research Proposal paragraph3.  Sentence Outline4.  ELEVEN BODY pages of the body5.  Works Cited pagePLEASE REVIEW THE FOLLOWING CHECKLIST BEFORE HANDING IN YOUR PAPER TO SEE IF YOU NEED ANY OF THE FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS OR CORRECTIONS:1.       You need a stronger or expanded proposal paragraph___,  introduction ___ or conclusion ___ .2.        _____Write your ONE-SENTENCE thesis (answer) with several points at the bottom of your introductory OR proposal paragraph.   EXAMPLE:  Important 18th and 19th-century social leaders in America from Pennsylvania included politician (1) Thaddeus Stevens of Lancaster, (2) social reformer Lucretia Mott of Cheltenham and the (3) Quaker Benjamin Lay of Abington.3.        Your paragraphs do not match the topic order of your thesis and/or outline.______4.        You must double space your text ____ and/or make it 12 pt. in size____ in Times New Roman style.______.  Do not use large type, only 12-pt size.______5.         Your thesis answer needs several clear points. ____ OR your thesis question is not adequate. ____6.        ________  Edit this research paper, outline and/or proposal paragraph for sentence-structure errors.7.        You have run-on sentences, or sentences that run too long. _______8.        You do not have complete sentences; they are fragments. ______ 9.        _____ You have spelling or grammar errors. 10.     Some paragraphs are too short OR need more analysis  ______ ; YOU NEED MORE PAGES ______11.     You must condense this essay. You have too many words. Make the sentences shorter. ____12.     Add quotes (with source info) in the body of your paragraphs _____ or add several block quotes _____13.     _____TO AVOID PLAGIARISM, be sure to include enough parenthetical (in-text) citations that follow your extracted data in your paragraph(s). Example: “Richard Jacobs was an ex-slave and scientist who traveled the Pennsylvania wilderness trying to find artifacts,” says an online article about the black scientist (Yardley, Web). If the author’s name is missing, simply USE THE TITLE: (“From Slavery to Scientist,” Web).Another way to cite a Web source is this way:  Frederick Douglass died at a ripe old age, says the scholar James Beaufort of the University of San Diego in an online article, “The Rise of Frederick Douglass.” If you gather information from a conventional book or article, the citation must provide the author’s last name and page number:  (Williams, pg. 42). Use a citation for indirect quotes or paraphrased text too.14.     ______Your Works Cited page is formatted wrong and/or must be alphabetized.  Book Example (DO NOT TYPE WORDS IN THE PARENTHESES):Williams, James (Author). From Slavery to Scientist (Title). Penguin Books       (Publisher), New York (Place of Publication). 1987(Publication Date).       Print (Publication Method)Web Examples: Yardley, Karl (Author). “Art of finding Artifacts (Title).” The OWL at Purdue       (Publisher). 10 May 2003 (Pub Date-Use N.D. if missing). Web(Pub Method).     12 May 2009 (Date of Retrieval).”From Slavery to Scientist (Title).” W.E.B. DuBOIS Center (Publisher). 12 June       2009 (Publication Date).  Web (Publication Method). 18 May 2011     (Retrieval Date)15.     _______ Add ______ more books or ______articles to your Works Cited page.16.     _______Use “quotes” for all exact text that you take from another source or it is PLAGIARISM.TIPS FOR WRITING A STRONG CONCLUSIONBy Barry Hamilton, NE Seminary*Bring out the significance of your research paper.  Show how you’ve brought closure to the research problem, and point out remaining gaps in knowledge by suggesting issues for further research.  Deal with issues at the level of the whole paper rather than with issues at the level of a paragraph.*Make the significance brought out in the conclusion congruent with the argument of your paper.  Don’t oversell or undersell the significance of your paper.  The conclusion can’t reach any farther than the paper’s main argument.   The conclusion is the place to put the final, proper perspective on the paper as a whole.*Bring closure to the entire paper, not only by summarizing the arguments, but also by bringing out the significance of the paper.   Avoid using terms related to specific elements of the paper—look at the paper as a whole and pull it all together in the conclusion.  Take the thesis statement from your introduction and demonstrate in your conclusion how the paper as a whole has addressed the research problem.*Make the conclusion sell a worthwhile paper to interested readers.  Exercise integrity in your conclusion—don’t exaggerate the conclusion to bring strength to a weak paper.  There should be a strong correlation between the arguments in your paper and your stated significance(s) in the conclusion.  In the case of a thesis or dissertation, readers will likely turn first to the conclusion.  Don’t let your readers get motivated by your conclusion to read the rest of the document—only to experience disappointment.*Use key terms, concepts and phrases from the introduction and body of the paper—but don’t just repeat them.  Use them to bring out the new insight gained from your research.  The conclusion should provide more than a flat-footed re-statement of the thesis statement articulated in the introduction—it should take the entire paper a step ahead toward a new level of insight on the research problem.*Make the tone of the conclusion match the tone of the rest of the paper.  For most of your papers, keep the tone serious—omit jokes and anecdotes from the conclusion.  In the context of an academic argument, humor is generally inappropriate and could seriously detract from your paper’s credibility.*Write the conclusion at a level of specificity/generality that matches the introduction.  Don’t use the conclusion to summarize the previous paragraph—rather, pull the entire paper together and make its significance clear.   For a book, deal with the primary issues raised in the introduction and in each of the chapters.  A concluding chapter should draw conclusions for each major issues raised in the document.  For any type of paper, don’t overreach the conclusion—make statements that can be fully supported by your evidence.  The body of the paper should prime readers for the conclusion—if the conclusion surprises them, readers may distrust the reasoning of the entire paper. *In a thesis or dissertation, it’s usually customary to raise questions or suggest areas for further research.  If this is done in a 20-page research paper, it’s normally only a sentence or two—not even a paragraph.  At this point, the writer must keep moving toward closure.*Don’t introduce any new information into the conclusion.  The conclusion signals readers that the writer will point out the significance of the paper at this point, and bring the entire paper to a clear and definite end.  Just as the minister should never introduce a new point in the concluding remarks of a sermon, the writer should not introduce another point in the conclusion.  Expecting the end, readers will be disappointed—or annoyed—to find yet more new information.*Put your best writing skills into the conclusion, especially if you are writing a thesis or dissertation.  Never allow the first draft to stand as the final product—revise the conclusion again and again until its integrity is practically unassailable. Scholars frequently read the conclusion of a thesis, dissertation or research article first!*When writing a … paper, limit the conclusion to one full paragraph.  You might take two or three paragraphs to narrow down to the finish line, but you should pack the final punch into only one paragraph.  One well-written paragraph can deliver far more rhetorical ‘punch’ than a three-paragraph peroration.