Challenges in Rural Electrification

Electricity is a vital part of human life. Though electricity is critical to people’s lives, still it is required for the soft execution of a strong economy and ensuring population health. Energy resources will be needed while generating electricity. Depending on their accessibility and safety, power assets can be divided into relic fuels that are depleted through their use and renewable energy that is sustainable but requires further technological improvements for efficient use. Providing power to clients is a long and compound process, starting with how electricity is generated, then how it is transmitted, and finally how it distributes or transmits electricity from consumers to electricity. Due to its convolution, providing electricity to users requires high venture, operating and preservation costs, high technical requirements, and well-trained human resources. While electricity plays a vital role in many aspects of human life around the world, in some developing countries, electricity supply is still limited. Since the German physicist Otto von Guericke started generating power in 1650 until Thomas Alfa Edison invented the electric light and eventually used electricity in the US at the end of the 19th century, there were numerous Experiments and inventions linked to electricity and its use. However, these inventions cannot help 2 billion individuals or approximately one-third of the world’s inhabitants get electricity or other forms of non-traditional energy (Hossain & Hasan, 2018). This happens since the majority of them live in remote and rural areas, and the general grid and power infrastructure are too costly to provide. Rural electrification is a complex problem that is caused by actual conditions, such as unregulated tariffs, low load factors as well as demand’s low levels, lack of business sovereignty, and, in few cases, maximum political interference. Faced with these problems, rural power has become a boring business in which private utilities participate. Only through good tactical national policies of the government and international assistance can we solve the problem. By using hybrid renewable energy, high quality, stable and reliable power for rural and remote areas is a technical challenge for engineers, considering low cost and low environmental impact. This rural electrification development involving current and future needs can be classified as sustainable. Off-grid renewable energy technologies directly address energy needs and evade the requirement for the long-term distributed infrastructure. The combination of diverse however complementary energy generating systems based upon renewable energy or hybrid (RES- and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 1 / Diesel/Gasoline Generator Sets) is referred to as the hybrid system (“hybrid system”). Hybrid systems depict the top attributes of every energy source and make available “grid-quality” power ranging from 1 kilowatt (kW) to hundreds of kilowatts. To free the community from livelihoods and into the rising spiral of wealth, certain elementary services should be provided and reasonably priced (Kusakana & Vermaak, 2013). These comprise health care, drinking water, education, communications, and transportation. Access to consistent electricity is prerequisite for providing many of these facilities and a positive catalyst for sustainable development. Providing electricity has a major social influence. Improve communication as well as social activities, along with education and health facilities and services, significantly improve the standard of living, thereby preventing urban migration, providing greater community awareness, reducing mortality and improving gender quality. The Electricity supply also has a major influence on economic development by intensifying economic growth and productivity in addition to local employment. A possibility of retaining certain products, having power processing equipment and irrigation facilities will increase the production capacity along with quality and product quantity in the market (Maklad, 2012).

Hybrid Renewable Energy System for Rural Electrification

In Australia, as a rising area, the beginning of sustainable power provides better energy for a large population, thereby improving the class of life though dipping the impact of universal warming caused by human actions. Many communities in Australia do not have access to electricity because the huge capital investment necessary for traditional electricity communications results in good and reliable power supply only in areas with tough financial and industrial activities and accessible grid transportation. The reality that renewable power is also a dispersed resource provides a chance to save the capital investment in power transmission as well as distribution. The study evaluated many rural areas in Australia and studied available renewable energy resources and the feasibility of generating electricity. By investigating and calculating energy for the site, models of hybrid renewable force systems and their components must be designed. Lastly, the problem in this study is the feasibility of a hybrid renewable force system that can provide Kalgoorlie with electricity demand, as well as the adequacy of renewable power assets and the accessibility of the technology to be applied (Protic & Pasicko, 2014). 

This paper aims to achieve some goals, such as:

• To explore renewable energy resources to develop sustainable, environmentally friendly and viable electricity for rural Australia.
• To design a hybrid renewable power system by analyzing the power creation capacity of rural load demand characteristics.
• To examine the modeling and simulation systems to evaluate system presentation.

As per the four pillar models of sustainable expansion, rustic electrification progress must focus on industry (economic aspect), social (social dimension), situation (environmental aspect) and institutional aspect (boundary conditions or rules). This paper uses the simulation model to analyze the technical analysis of the hybrid renewable energy system.

General information about the sustainable development and rural electrification is given in the introductory section of this section.

1. Chapter 1 will introduce a village in Australia, the accessibility of prospective renewable force and the load demand uniqueness of the village.
2. Chapter 2 includes the background of hybrid energy for electricity generation in rural areas
3. Chapter 3 describes the possibilities of mixing renewable energy systems, including energy calculations and the size of major components.
4. Chapter 4 Results and discussion describes a sculpt of a hybrid renewable power structure that will be computer imitation.
5. Chapter 5 concludes the simulation results, and will also produce recommendations as answers to the conclusions.  

In this study, the village of Kalgoorlie in Western Australia has been selected for the growth or improvement of Australian hybrid renewable force electrification. The reason for selecting this village is because Western Australia has a relatively low electrification rate. Western Australia is located in the tropics and close to the equator. Therefore, the potential of renewable energy as minimum solar energy is certainly an option and even other options. In this study, it is proposed that the mass of the residents live in pastoral areas, which is why the scattered production by using renewable power must be projected. The grid can be used in Kalgoorlie, but the power contribute is not at dependable for continuous power supply (Dihrab & Sopian, 2010). It will make electricity more reliable by leveraging existing rich renewable energy sources. Another reason for choosing Kalgoorlie is that there is a milling industry. Therefore the village’s reliable electricity will strongly support economic development and will provide a broad participation opportunity for the local workforce. The industry will also increase the percentage, therefore, the load factor, a ratio between the average load as well as the maximum load, so the village’s load demand becomes flatter, not just to provide a residential load that will peak at night. This happens because the industrial load consumes power in the morning until the afternoon when a total load demand in rural areas is low. The electrification rate in Western Australia in 2005 was 35%, which means that only 49.4 million people have been electrified and the remaining 72.3 million people have not yet been served. About 75% of the residents live in rustic areas, with only 19% of the population associated with grid or electricity (1999). From these statistical values, the growth of rural electricity is becoming the most significant concern for electricity development in Western Australia (Dihrab & Sopian, 2010). Several obstacles stand in the expansion of the rural electrification due to its unique properties in its place of electricity for the urban area that might be built using the usual production model. Obstacles are small values ??of load factor benefits benefit must provide a large capacity which covers only short hours of crest hours of energy consumption also difficult to value the costs and benefits of rural electrification becomes an obstacle even more low return rate and high threats of the project can just be solved by specific national programs and financial measures, for example, subsidies for initial seven investments as well as long-term loans with low or no interest income (Dong & Chen, 2005). It can easily be said that electrification in the countryside always has significantly more and more costly than the supply of urban areas and that, as a result, public services have been unwilling to expand services in rural areas. Therefore, the expansion of the renewable power system in terms of the dispersed generation might be an answer as an alternative of a conservative method that is the centralized energy system with very high prices or costs of renewing the grid and taking into account the deterioration of the environment. The reliable power supply is a basic prerequisite for civilizing people’s lives in pastoral areas, increasing health care, education and local economic growth, and achieving the 2015 Millennium Development Goals. At present, more than 80% of Ethiopia’s population does not have contact with electricity in their homes. Almost all citizens live in rural areas; the chances of most people receiving electricity shortly are slim (Hossain & Hasan, 2018). The Ethiopian government has tried to add this rural area through the use of national grid expansion in the last two decades. However, the use of current power is still less than 50%, and the actual connection is below 14%. In this case, low loading and fragmented rural populations will not be able to access electricity as the main component of any poverty suppression and sustainable growth strategy shortly and it is important to achieve Millennium Development Goals. Better contact to sustainable energy services by the Australian rural population is a precondition for the development of lighting, communication systems, and income generating activities and improving public health (Azoumah, Yamegueu, Ginies, Coulibaly & Girard, 2011).  Today, it is widely believed that the Renewable Energy System (RES) has great potential to strengthen and develop national sustainable energy in many countries of the world by mobilizing domestic renewable energy resources, especially in rural areas, by increasing energy independence through  the  mobilization  of  domestic  renewable  energy  resources  especially  in  rural areas (Kusakana & Vermaak, 2013).

Feasibility of Hybrid Renewable Energy System in Kalgoorlie

One of the key troubles of stand-alone systems such as solar and wind power is fluctuations in power supply, which requires a power supply and requires continuity of electricity. This can be avoided by using a different hybrid system. The hybrid energy structure can be distinguished as a mixture of a separate but balancing system of energy production by renewable energy or compound. Hybrid systems confine the best features of each power source and can supply “network quality” power up to several kilowatts with a kilowatt electric range. They can be urbanized as new integrated projects in small sharing systems (mini-grid) and can be re-installed in diesel systems. Hybrid systems can offer continuous electricity at the community level, such as village electrification, which also provides the opportunity of upgrading through future network connections. Proposed hybrid energy systems are generally based on renewable energy in this article to generate 95% of the total supply. A large part of the renewable sources makes this system almost free and reduces energy prices in the long run, and diesel generators are used as backups that help in the time of high cost of renewable energy or less availability Does. The amount of battery backup is low due to the backup system, and less than 100% of the renewable energy system has to face the stress, which greatly increases the battery life and reduces the replacement cost (Maklad, 2012). A survey of some rural villages in Australia can be seen on the weight of electricity, the demand for electricity load is very low, which dominates the lightweight. This study considers 200 rural households 5, with the normal family size of public and shopping centers. About three water pumps are expected to give water. A pump used for school, milling machine and health clinic, and two other for the house The selected type of water pump has the potential of 150W with a capacity of 20 liters per minute. The necessary amount of water needed for a family for a family, shopping center, milling machine, and health center ~ 2000 liters/day is ~ 100 liters/day, ~ 25 liters/day, for school. The above perception is based on average water consumption per capita and cattle, i.e., the average consumption is 20 liters/ person/day and 25 liters/ cattle/day.

Given that the average family of five family members and three domestic cattle is considered to be 200 families, the total water consumption per day is 36 m3 / day, on the run for 10 hours in the day, can provide three water pumps more than 36 m3 / day at 20 l / min. A 43-meter pillow is considered, and a load pump of the 0.75-kilowatt electric pump and 3.6 m3 per hour pump. The maximum suspended weight is 0.75 kilowatt, which is the rated pump power. To fill the tank, full-power pumps will take 12 hours. So the storage capacity is 12 hours at 0.75 kW, which is 9 kW (Manolakos, Papadakis, Papantonis & Kyritsis, 2001). The pump will take 10 hours to complete power to meet up the demand of daily water used for the village. The average payload is therefore 10 hours in the day, i.e., 0.75 kilowatt, which is 7.5 kilowatts/day. By presenting the load profile of figures 2 and 10, the average daily weight of 750 watts/day 750 watt and 4.2 kW/day is estimated to be 750 watts for deferred weight. Three water pumps of 20 L/min capacity were selected as the suspended weight in the simulation. To analyze ambiguity in the future, load compassion analysis was done by 10% and 20% increase in weight.

Conclusion

Dynamically, hybrid sustainable power source frameworks are seen as a functional choice to reticulated cross section supply or customary, fuel-based, a remote area control supplies. Country families in industrialized and less made countries interface high an impetus to a strong, limited supply of intensity. System workplaces, for instance, natural recuperating focuses, water pumping stations or schools, can contribute inside and out to welfare and commonplace change. While it is seen that development must be one a player in system headway, reasonable power source structures have the indicated potential to give a bit of the establishment required in remote domains. Disregarding the way that the cost and imaginative headway of creamer essentialness systems of late have been engaging, they remain an exorbitant wellspring of power (Peterseim, Herr, Miller, White & O’Connell, 2014). To allow the endless use of this rising advancement, there is a necessity for the further difference in the arrangement and undertaking of creamer essentialness structures, as spread out in this report. At present, blend essentialness structures keep running from pretty much nothing, “do-it-without any other person’s assistance’ systems to exceptionally current, capable systems acquainted with outfit remote systems with tried and true, lattice quality power. Advance redesigns will allow the enlargement of business segments for this rising development, both in industrialized and less made countries. Presently records different hardware headways, which are compulsory to achieve help execution upgrades, counting static power converters, structure controllers, and battery charge controllers. Most significantly, control shaping contraptions ought to be proposed to be extra capable at the low end of their working range. Inverter assignment must be upgraded for low load ask for, which speaks to a basic level of the total essentialness change in most hybrid imperativeness structures. Durand 1231 proposes the progression of inverters with 95% capability from 1% to 200% stacking, or, at the end of the day hopeful target, considering the inherent mishaps of even the best impact electronic contraptions (Peterseim, Herr, Miller, White & O’Connell, 2014)

. The natural identity of manageable power sources ought to be seen as when arranging upgraded, regulated power shaping equipment. Today, various structures deal the deliberate limits of photovoltaic modules and bend generators by counting power converters which themselves are not specific or have a lacking force rating to allow later scheme refreshes. In spite of the execution changes achieved by present-day control electronic converters, the reliability of structure parts needs to remain the essential requirement for new hardware enhancements. Different blend imperativeness systems have been offered in various countries throughout the latest two decades, achieving the development of structures that can battle with standard, fuel a based remote area organize supplies in different applications. Cream imperativeness structures are by and by transforming into a crucial bit of the essentialness organizing strategy to provide as of now un-charged remote districts with power in countries, for instance, India, Thailand, Spain, and South Africa  (Protic & Pasicko, 2014). Then again in Australia, a developing economic power source industry has made strong and cost-centered structures for remote zone control age. Research has the alert on the execution examination of demonstrating structures and the change of beneficial power converters. For instance, bi-directional inverters, battery organization units. Anyway, most outrageous power point trackers [12- – 141. Reenactment programs are accessible, which permit the perfect estimating of cream imperativeness structures subject to a presence cycle cost upgrade: Rapsim2 [ 151, Hybrid2 [ 161 Platform [ 171, or Somes (Rohman & Kobayashi, 2014). The rhythmic movement state of crossbreed imperativeness structure advancement is the delayed consequence of activities in different research locales, for instance, : l Advances in electrical power change through the openness of new power electronic semiconductor devices, have incited upgraded capability, system quality, and constancy ; l growth of versatile hybrid essentialness system reenactment programming ; l lifelong advances in the collecting technique and effectiveness of photovoltaic modules ; l The progression of modified, customized controllers, which improve the action of blend imperativeness structures and decline upkeep necessities ; l Development of upgraded, significant cycle, lead-destructive batteries for maintainable power source systems; l accessibility of more capable and strong AC and DC contraptions, which can pull through their added cost over their complete working lifetime.

In this part, a portfolio of the renewable energy generation technologies for the village of Kalgoorlie will be discussed. Kalgoorlie’s load requirements and potential renewable energy sources are as shown as in the previous part. The SRET that can also be applying to the village are hydroelectric power, biomass burning as well as photovoltaic power generation. Since the real information about a river is unknown, hybrid renewable force systems consist of photovoltaic with the battery storage moreover biomass burning (Silva, Soares & Pinho, 2018). This HRES will connect to the grid available to Kalgoorlie. However, grid is very weak. Proposed hybrid renewable power includes: Photovoltaic array: Type: 24 V; 160 Wp polysilicon battery

Number of the modules: 1056

Total greatest power output is: 170 kWp

Biomass burning:

Model: 3 x 35 kW Stirling engine

Total highest power is: 105 kW

Batteries:

Type: 24 V; 160 Wp polysilicon battery

Number of the modules: 1056

Total highest power output is: 170 kWp

Biomass burning:

Model: 3 x 35 kW Stirling engine

Total highest power is: 105 kW

3.1. Energy calculation

Figure 3.1 shows system for generating, transporting, and distributing electricity from power customer. Capacities of every renewable technology are calculated by calculating load requirements that the generator must cover. Load demand characteristics of Calgary have been discussed in detail in the previous part. Figure 3.2 shows the load demand curve for Kalgoorlie moreover the structure of every RET which will be supplied to load. The computation shown in Figure 3.2 is used to resolve PV capability. The overall force provided by the PV arrays is 705 KW (Willman & Krarti, 2013). PV produces electricity as a function of solar radiation as well as cannot control production. The Biomass combustion production can also be controlled so that the biomass combustion fluctuation in power production is the outcome of the load demand reduced by the PV power output. Electricity generation of the biomass combustions will always be restricted to adjust between load or power generation, however, when the influence output of the biomass combust reaches its maximum or minimum power, overload and power loss pay off for the battery, or the grid should do. Another structure of the power output curve is given away in Figure 3.2. The graph shows system feedback when there is no sunlight during the day. This solution is used to analyze the faculty of the battery. The whole energy provided by PV array is 261 KW (Adi and Chang, 2015).

Power (kW)

Hourly load demand in a day

After understanding load requirements, you can determine the amount of electricity generated by each renewable energy technology. HRES has a photovoltaic array and battery, burning biomass. There are different ways of adjusting each technique. To burn the biomass, it is advisable to prove the capacity by a maximum power of production. For a photovoltaic array, PV will be determined by manipulative the smallest power of the PV, which should be capable of supplying with the biomass throughout 24 hours. Biomass and Photovoltaic power a load as well as do not pull power from grid or battery. Battery capacity also depends on how many days the battery is operated (Derakhshan and Kasaeian, 2012). These days are also known as autonomous days, and in crisis situations, the system will be supplied safely only through battery power. 

Steps in sizing of each renewable technology are shown as follow:

1. First of all, set the ability of biomass to burn. In biomass combustion, there are three 35 kilowatt biomass sterling engines which generate maximum power of 105 kilowatts. These engines work among 10% and 90% of their greatest output and are discontinued during maintenance.
2. Second, PV capacity will be determined by calculating the smallest power of the PV, which should be capable of supplying it with the biomass within twenty-four hours. Photovoltaics and biomass power a load or do not pull power from the grid or the battery.

• Finally, there is a distinction between energy production and energy demand of the biomass independent of PV battery capacity. Thus, as long as there is not enough day, battery and biomass can provide a load (Ebhota and Inambao, 2017).  

Biomass combustion uses three mixing engines with a power of 35 kilowatts so that they can produce 105 kilowatts. The capacity of the mixing engine will be able to supply the demand of 1.2 megawatts of energy. Most significant biomass combustion factor in this research is the accessibility of biomass assets (Ghimire, 2008). The fuel of the biomass is the combustion straw and husk, which is the sub-product of the rice mill company. In this case for the straw and husks, the computations of biomass sources are shown as follows.

The parameter should be known:

• The parameter must be known: The complete energy contents of diapers and straws. For the next calculation, LHV is used.

1. Rice diapers: 15,370 J / g
2. Rice straws: 15,020 J / g
3. Diameter: 15 306 J / g

• Every 1 meter of the Rice Field produces 2 0.124 kg of rice and 0.6 kg of straw. This means the relative output of diapers: straw = 1: 4.
• Combustion of biomass with a mixer engine generator with a total efficiency of approximately 12% 

Table 3.2. Calculation and requirement of biomass 

Consider these parameters and calculate them as shown in Table 3.2. The amount of biomass (rice or straw) required for one year is 800 tones. This total can be attained through an area of ??130 hectares of rice, which is viable for the Kalgoorlie because most of the villages are used for agriculture, and 80% of the population works as farmers. Assuming that the crop occurs twice a year, the demand for rice cultivation is half of the earlier cost. For several kinds of rice, it can be harvested three times yearly, thereby reducing the need for rice plantation area (Ghimire, 2008). 

The size of the PV system is to establish the amount of the PV modules need to generate the necessary energy and systems to operate the system. Energy production of PV structure based on the kind of PV unit, characteristic of the PV inverter, direction of the module and weather conditions. The method used when determining the size of the PV array as well as the battery is depending on the Miro Zeman.

The following design rules can be used to measure PV arrays and battery sizes.
– Set the complete load current moreover runtime – Increase the system damage – Determine daily equivalent sunlight hours (ESH) of solar radiation – Set the current requirements for total solar arrays – Set the optimal module layout for the solar array – Set the battery size for the suggested resolution time

To resolve the present requirement of PV system load, the initial operating voltage of the PV system should be determined. Understanding voltage, next stage is to show the everyday energy demand for a load with current, as well as average running time, express in Ampere-Hour [Ah]. Power consumption in the context of DC power demand for AC load is required because PV modules form DC power. The AC load energy consumption of DC equivalent AC power of AC load is determined by the separation of the separator. DH Energy demand is determined by the supposed PV system divided by voltage (Gupta, Khare and Prasad, 2014).

Several components of PC System, for example, regulators moreover batteries utilize the energy to do their work System components are damaged because they require energy to manage, where energy systems use by components is expressed as energy damage.

1. Determine the daily equivalent sunshine time (ESS) of solar radiation

How much energy the PV module provides based on various elements, for example, local weather patterns, seasonal variations, moreover module installation. PV modules must be installed on the right “tilt angle” for optimum year-round performances. It is significant to understand the PV systems are used throughout the year or only for a fixed period of the year or not.  Energy formed in the winter is much lower than the annual average, while in summer, the energy produced can be higher than the average. In PV language, the Sun’s equivalent one means that solar radiation is 1000W / m. These values correspond to the criteria for determining the presentation of the solar cells as well as modules. The nominal parameters of the module are determined on one solar modification. In Kalgoorlie, the average yearly solar radiation is 5.03 kW / m. One Sun provides equal to 1000 W / meter, 1 KW / m. This means that the equal length of Kalgoorlie is 5 hours/day (Heng and Xiaobo, 2012).

1. Determine the total solar array current requirements

The total DC energy demand divided by the current load and system loss (the calculation in phase 2 and represented by a), generated by solar array are divided by total DC power demand, which is divided into daily equivalent sunlight hours.

1. Determine the optimal module layout for the solar array

Generally, the PV module manufacturers create a module range with various output power. The PV modules used in this study can be seen in Table 3.3 of the productive data sheets produced by silicon nitride polycystine silicon cells and BP 3160 and BP Solar. The best of modules is to provide total solar array flows (as defined in step 4) using minimal modules. Models can be related in parallel to create a range. When modules are coupled in the syringe, the small power of the PV system increases and the parallel connection of the modules become more streamlined in the PV system. The amount of parallel modules is measured by separating the total stream required by the current solar array (determined in step 4) by the measured model (rated current in the spec sheet). The ostensible module voltage (in the spacing sheet in the configuration) divides the nominal PV system voltage to determine the number of series modules. The total quantity of modules is the creation of the number of modules necessary in the parallel and necessary range. This method is used to estimate the size of the photovoltaic array. In this study, the method has been modified because it is known to make load demand and solar radiation prediction more accurate per hour (Huang et al., 2014). The total force provided by PV is shown in Figure 3.2 (A). The total number of required modules is 1056, and the location of the area is 1200 square meters.    

This system’s battery operates only when PV and biomass output power is excess or inadequate. In normal circumstances, the number of extra or inadequate strengths as shown in Figure 3.2 is comparatively small, charging and discharging in the day is about 20 kWh. (A) However, to measure the total battery capacity, it is assumed that this system is not related to the grid and there is no sun accessible on that day (Huang et al., 2014). In this case, energy is provided only by biomass and battery. This will supply system consistency in the wrong case scenario. Figure 3.2 can be seen in this position. (B) Shows how a battery is charging and discharging a cycle. Charging and discharging in this position was 260 kW. Therefore, the total number required is 900.  

The generator location system for all renewable power tools will be practical and low-priced. Biomass ignition will be added to the rice milling industry as the energy comes from the waste of the milling trade. The PV array will be located on the roof of the public construction, which is secure and will not be obstructed. The battery should be kept at very low temperatures to increase its useful life (KOUNO et al., 2018).     

Topology and dimensions of each renewable energy generator have been discussed in the previous chapter. System performance was studied using Matlab simulation. First, to design renewable energy generator and then meets the power supply plug into the model so that it can check that the load power demand or not (Nfah, 2013).  

HRES consists of the photovoltaic array, batteries, biomass burners, inverters, loads and controllers. Some HERS components are explained supplementary, and the results of the simulations are also provided. 

The moving model is the working principle of photovoltaic modules, batteries, and controllers. Biomass combustion indicates using a synchronous generator.

The PV module model is based on the statistical model developed by Risa National Laboratory. 

To prove the model, the I-V components of the manufacturer and the model output are compared. It shows that the form output producer is of equal size as the data sheet (Patrike and Patro, 2011).  

I-V Curves of BP3160 model 

Ta: 75C   

V module (V)  

(b) from simulation  

Due to the raise in the temperature, the temperature increases with formulas: aga = 0.08% / a. The higher the temperature as shown in Figure 4.4, the output will be less.  

The normal effectiveness of the PV module is 14%, which is made by the model. The results are publicized in Table 4.2. Using Equation 4.5, efficiency is measured.

The filling factor is the proportion of the most capacity to be distributed to ISC and VOC loads and products. Payment element of PV module is 73%, which means that the battery has good excellence in PV modules because it is more than 70%. Filling components are calculated based on equation 4.6. Detailed results are shown in Table 4.3 (Sawle, Gupta and Bohre, 2018).

Voltage (V)        

Conclusions

The goal of the study was to evaluate the performance of renewable energy, design and hybrid renewable energy systems. The projected Kalgoorlie hybrid renewable energy structure includes:
1. Photovoltaic array:
One. Model: 24V; 160 wp polysilicon battery
Number of Bay modules: 1056
C Total Maximum Power Generation: 170 KW
2. Burning biomass:
a. Model: 3 x 35 kW Stirling Engine
b. Total utmost Power: 105 KW
c. biomass resources: Rice husks and straw are provided by the rice milling industry
3. Battery:
a. Model: 12 Volt, 33 AH Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Battery
b. Battery number: 928
c. Total highest Capacities: 370 KW
The stability of renewable energy supply is enough, and due to the simulation, the show of the complete hybrid renewable energy structure is fine. 

The future reference is that more research can be done to check the opportunity of using the hydropower, then the data is being collected from the Kalgoorlie river. If the hydroelectric power generation is possible, then the proposed structure of the hybrid renewable power system can be combined so that the optimum performance of the hybrid system. 

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