Literature Review

In this report the main area of study is the DNA or the genetic testing. This is basically a procedure which includes the blood line and the genetic diagnosis determination. There are certain diseases which are inherited and people are vulnerable to such diseases. Schizophrenia is one such disease which is very complex and usually affects a person in their later life. According to Ripke et al., (2014) the cause of such disease is mostly concluded to be genetic in nature. As per Meehl (2017), there are no certain reasons for Schizophrenia yet, there are influences on a person which arise out of their environment and some out of the genetic reasons. There are many researches taking place which depicts the relative first degree along with its condition to be a factor for risk (Ross, Saal, David & Anderson, 2013). There are also instances of monozygotic twins. The main aim of this research report is to focus on the genetic testing for schizophrenia.

Many papers have been reviewed for this research. The disease of schizophrenia can be studied as a compound subject under psychology. There are many variants involved in this study which are allelic and rare. Asarnow & Forsyth, (2013) states that the rare variant of AOS causes the Childhood onset schizophrenia (COS) which shows a disorder form which is superior and familial (Singh, et.al, 2016). The condition needs genetic testing. The articles used here focuses on detailing of the disease which includes prenatal complications and are commonly seen among the mothers who have been suffering from schizophrenia. The mothers who are already affected by this disease can give birth to children suffering from the same disease. The papers used here studies the correlation between the schizophrenia disease and cognition (Sekar, et.al, 2016). This study infers that the cognition and community functioning are correlated positively as there is a relation between the genetic effects of the diseases and the patients affected by the same. In the paper of Kuo, et.al, (2018) the area of study is the correlation between the disease, its patients and the genetic factors. The family history can be studied so that the factors affecting the onset of schizophrenia can be determined (Cosgrove, et.al, 2017). The mother is tested for prenatal factor determination. The child might develop the disorder if the mother is facing complications during her pregnancy period. The first article focuses on the correlation between cognition and schizophrenia while the second one studies the subject matter of schizophrenia in a deeper way.

The medical records are being studied under the second approach of study and this is non-personal as an analysis. There is hardly any scope of error in this case. Thus this self-testing method is very error free. The source for the research was also a very non biased one. The sample is free of bias and errors. However the first study has some inherent errors as they are mainly based on past data and not on present works. The information and data of the first data is erroneous as the changes in the medical field have changed the face of the disease as well. The information in some cases is faulty or obsolete.

Bias and Limitations

There is genetic testing carried out on the people who are affected by schizophrenia. The genetic psychologists are able to predict the cognitive incapacities regarding child who might face the disabilities. The literature review studies the genetic disorder and the diseases in details. As the doctors state the factors behind genetic disorders there is some other research needed and so his hypothesis has been developed. The disease has an inherited factor which is derived genetically. As the literature review has given some idea about the correlation between the cognition and schizophrenia and the hypothesis aims at finding the accuracy of the correlation and studies made in the past (Searles, 2018).

There are 1200 mothers who are being surveyed here for the research. They either have the SZ or the cognitive defects. This sample consists of those who are from the North American side. The research will be free from all kinds of interventions or manipulations. He participants will be requested to participate but not forced. The archival design which is a quantitative approach will make a descriptive study for this research. This facilitates the attainment of a lot of data in very less time. The medical and the neuro records will be further analysed. This will show the correlations between the genetic factors and associations. The family history to the pregnancy complications, the overall mental health and the time of disease onset will be studied and researched as they all impact the cause of schizophrenia.  

The quantitative study or the research will be based on an archival design. There are many responses collected from the sample which is a part of the qualitative research. The quantitative designing of the research gives scope for creating the provisions for accuracy and objectivity (Creswell & Creswell, 2017). The data collected from this research can be used for the summary of the genetic testing process. The phenomena of schizophrenia are analyzed by this research methodology.

The sampling frame is the source material or the device from which the sample for the particular research will be obtained (Button, et.al, 2013). Here in this research a total of 1200 women or mothers are being surveyed for their responses. These mothers have children who are also suffering from schizophrenia. The cognitive defects which originate genetically are studied in this research. In the quantitative research the sampling frame is very significant. The determination of the data values at an average is facilitated by the sampling frame of the quantitative studies. This will also make the research error free.

The medical records as well as the images of neuro will be utilized here for the determination of the correlation between the genetic factor and then other determinants. The other determinants include the family history, the onset of the disease, the complications during the pregnancy phase, the mental health, etc. The chromosomal and the genetic relation of schizophrenia and other factors are tested. The techniques of neuro imaging are can be used for the production of an image function (Frith, 2014). The pharmacology of the nervous system is also analyzed under this research design. The genetic relevance and the occurrence of the disease are studied and the impacting factors are concluded here. The disorder risks are more among the women in the age group of 50 or above. The information regarding every participant in the research will be kept confidential and secret. The participants can also withdraw their names from the research at any point.

Hypothesis

The data that will be collected from the participants will be safeguarded and secured. The data will never be misused for any purpose. The data cannot be accessed in any way by other people except the researcher. The data will also be kept confidential and the identity of the participant will be anonymous.

The disease studied in this paper which is that of schizophrenia is impacted by the genetic factors as well as the neurological factors which influence the onset of the disease. These factors are studied while diagnosing the disease. The hypothesis is tested against these factors and the disability or the occurrence of the disease among children is predicted through this. There is clear correlation between cognitive factors and the diseases of schizophrenia. This can be confirmed with accuracy after genetic testing of the mothers who are already affected by the schizophrenia or cognitive disability. This can be used for better predictability of the disease among children.

The major findings from this research include the inference that the mothers who are suffering from the schizophrenia give birth to the children who can be born with the same disease. The mothers suffering from schizophrenia giving birth to babies show abnormality in the chromosomal structure of their children. The general population may not show these kinds of defects or abnormalities in the chromosomes of their new born babies. The podcast, posters, blogs, booklets, etc. will be used for the dissemination of the findings for the research. The rates of schizophrenia occurrence can be related to the genetic testing.

The underlying factors of the research show that there are certain genetic factors which impact the onset of this disease of schizophrenia. This can occur before the adolescence stage. The treatment modality of the potential sufferers can be using the study of the genotypes of the individuals. The efficacy as well as the safety of the cognitive remediation can be used for the treatment of the various schizophrenia symptoms which are seen among the children. This can also help in the improvement of the well being and the health status of the children. This research is very effective in this case as ot helps to prevent the increasing influence of schizophrenia.  

References

Asarnow, R., & Forsyth, J. (2013). Genetics of Childhood-onset Schizophrenia. (4), doi:10.1016/j.chc.2013.06.004

Button, K. S., Ioannidis, J. P., Mokrysz, C., Nosek, B. A., Flint, J., Robinson, E. S., &Munafò, M. R. (2013). Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14(5), 365. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3475

Cosgrove, D., Harold, D., Mothersill, O., Anney, R., Hill, M. J., Bray, N. J., … & Barroso, I. (2017). MiR-137-derived polygenic risk: effects on cognitive performance in patients with schizophrenia and controls. Translational psychiatry, 7(1), e1012.

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Retrieved from https://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Creswell-Cap-10.pdf

Frith, C. D. (2014). The cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Psychology press.

Kuo, S. S., Almasy, L., Gur, R. C., Prasad, K., Roalf, D. R., Gur, R. E., & … Pogue-Geile, M. F. (2018). Cognition and community functioning in schizophrenia: The nature of the relationship. Journal Of Abnormal Psychology, 127(2), 216-227. doi:10.1037/abn0000326

Meehl, P. E. (2017). Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia. In Schizophrenia (pp. 21-46). Routledge.

Ripke, S., Neale, B. M., Corvin, A., Walters, J. T., Farh, K. H., Holmans, P. A., … &Pers, T. H. (2014). Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature, 511(7510), 421. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13595

Ross, L. F., Saal, H. M., David, K. L., & Anderson, R. R. (2013). Technical report: ethical and policy issues in genetic testing and screening of children. Genetics in Medicine, 15(3), 234. https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2012.176

Sekar, A., Bialas, A. R., de Rivera, H., Davis, A., Hammond, T. R., Kamitaki, N., … & Genovese, G. (2016). Schizophrenia risk from complex variation of complement component 4. Nature, 530(7589), 177.

Searles, H. F. (2018). Collected papers on schizophrenia and related subjects. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge.

Singh, T., Kurki, M. I., Curtis, D., Purcell, S. M., Crooks, L., McRae, J., … & Pietiläinen, O. (2016). Rare loss-of-function variants in SETD1A are associated with schizophrenia and developmental disorders. Nature neuroscience, 19(4), 571.