This study is the reflection of a detailed analysis carried out with the help of two ASX200 listed companies naming Alumina Limited and AMP Limited whose last five year financial status starting from the Financial year ending as on 31st December 2013 and ending as on 31st December, 2017 have been taken into consideration to evaluate the relevance of their Capital structure, corresponding cost of capital and significant risk ad returns associated with them and how these considerations have significant influence on the decisions to be made by the proposed investor in these companies (Boccia & Leonardi, 2016). In order to carry out this evaluation an attempt has been made to bring into light the relevant theories of capital structure, the procedure to compute the Weighted Average cost of Capital, the effect of taxes on the computation of cost of capital, the payout policy of the companies in terms of dividend, computation of cost of equity, the measurement of the risk and corresponding return and other corresponding relevant factors while making the decision relating to investment have been discussed along with the standard deviation as a method of measurement of risk and other methods for the computation of measurement of risk (Werner, 2017).
There are various sources of fund available with any corporate entity with a view to financing its operations with the objective of future growth, which can basically be categorized under the head debt fund and equity fund including the preferred stock though both have some merits and demerits associated with it (Alexander, 2016). The appropriate proportion of these funds in the capital structure of company helps it to achieve the optimum cost of capital for increasing productivity of the entity as a whole. The following table provides a brief description of the capital structure of Alumina Limited and AMP Limited for last five years that shall assist us to make a comprehensive study of the same.
Year |
Source of capital |
Number in issue |
Price per share |
Market Value US$ Million |
Proportion to total long term capital |
Ordinary shares |
2760518829 |
10.10 |
2789 |
96.23% |
|
2013 |
Long Term Debt |
– |
109.2 |
3.77% |
|
Total |
100% |
||||
Source of capital |
Number in issue |
Price per share |
Market Value US$ Million |
Proportion to total long term capital |
|
Ordinary shares |
2805745467 |
14.66 |
4114 |
97.25% |
|
2014 |
Long Term Debt |
– |
116.1 |
2.75% |
|
Total |
100% |
||||
Source of capital |
Number in issue |
Price per share |
Market Value US$ Million |
Proportion to total long term capital |
|
Ordinary shares |
2824328800 |
8.856 |
2418 |
95.06% |
|
2015 |
Long Term Debt |
– |
125.7 |
4.94% |
|
Total |
100% |
||||
Source of capital |
Number in issue |
Price per share |
Market Value US$ Million |
Proportion to total long term capital |
|
2016 |
Ordinary shares |
2879843498 |
13.20 |
3802 |
97.21% |
Long Term Debt |
– |
109.2 |
2.79% |
||
Total |
100% |
||||
Source of capital |
Number in issue |
Price per share |
Market Value |
Proportion to total long term capital |
|
Ordinary shares |
2879843498 |
24.30 |
7.0( US$ billion) |
98.49% |
|
2017 |
Long Term Debt |
– |
107.2(US$ Million) |
1.51% |
|
Total |
100% |
Year |
Source of capital |
Number in issue |
Price per share AUD $ |
Market Value AUD $million |
Proportion to total long term capital |
Ordinary shares |
2929000000 |
4.39 |
12858.31 |
61.77% |
|
2013 |
Long Term Debt |
– |
7957 |
38.23% |
|
Total |
100% |
||||
Source of capital |
Number in issue |
Price per share AUD $ |
Market Value AUD $million |
Proportion to total long term capital |
|
Ordinary shares |
2945000000 |
5.50 |
16197.5 |
77.15% |
|
2014 |
Long Term Debt |
4796 |
22.85% |
||
Total |
100% |
||||
Source of capital |
Number in issue |
Price per share AUD $ |
Market Value AUD $million |
Proportion to total long term capital |
|
Ordinary shares |
2938000000 |
5.83 |
17128.54 |
72.34% |
|
2015 |
Long Term Debt |
6548 |
27.66% |
||
Total |
100% |
||||
Source of capital |
Number in issue |
Price per share AUD $ |
Market Value AUD $million |
Proportion to total long term capital |
|
2016 |
Ordinary shares |
2948000000 |
5.04 |
14857.92 |
74.91% |
Long Term Debt |
4976 |
25.09% |
|||
Total |
100% |
||||
Source of capital |
Number in issue |
Price per share AUD $ |
Market Value AUD $million |
Proportion to total long term capital |
|
Ordinary shares |
2918000000 |
5.19 |
15144.42 |
69.42% |
|
2017 |
Long Term Debt |
6669 |
30.58% |
||
Total |
100% |
From the figures reflected through the above table it is quite evident that the major similarities noticed in the capital structure of both o the companies is explained hereunder:
The difference in the capital structure is that the component of debt is much higher in case of Amp limited. Both the companies are maintaining their component of debt and equity similar to that of the material and financial industry.
Two of the major capital structure theories are discussed hereunder.
Weighted average cost of Capital is being calculated using the following formula:
WACC = [(E / V) * RE] + [(D / V) * RD * (1 – TC)]
Where,
E =Market Value of Equity
V= Total value of equity Plus debt
RE= Return on equity
D= Market value of debt
RD= Return on debt
TC= Tax Rate
In Our calculation we have computed the WACC for both the companies for the financial year ending 31st December 2017.
WACC for the Alumina Limited
Let the return on equity in both the cases be 10%, Tax rate = 40% and after tax cost of debt be 8%
WACC (Alumina Limited)
= 7000/7107.2*10%+107.2/7107.2*8%
=9.84%+.12%
=9.86%
WACC (AMP Limited) = [(E / V) * RE] + [(D / V) * RD * (1 – TC)]
=15144.42/21813.42*10%+6669/21813.42*8%
=6.94%+2.44%
=9.38%
The tax effect on cost of capital varies depending upon the sources of fund being utilized for financing. This is because use of debt fund provided tax shield (i.e. Tax savings ) as the interest that is paid or payable on such debt is being considered as a tax deductible expenditure, hence the tax component on such amount of interest being saved by the firm, on the other hand neither equity nor preferred stock provide any such savings to the firm as whatever payment in form of dividend is made to the shareholders in form of dividend is not considered as a tax deductible expenditure, hence tax does not effect in determining the cost of equity or preferred stock (Belton, 2017).
In order to make the decision relating to investment a number of capital budgeting techniques have been provided though in this case decision to be taken is based on the two major criteria or evaluation techniques to be used are mentioned hereunder:
It is one of the method of evaluation of the opportunity to make the future investment for which the decision is to be taken in present based on the reasonable estimate of free cash flows expected to be generated in future. Under this approach the future cash flows to be generated are discounted at a rate which is generally nothing but the weighted average cost of capital of the entity (Visinescu, Jones, & Sidorova, 2017). There are basically three factors which determines the discounted rate that are cost of equity, cost of debt and the risk free rate of return. The moment the sum of discounted cash flows to be generated exceeds the present cost of investment then the investment opportunity is considered acceptable.
As per this Capital budgeting technique an attempt is made to evaluate the value of a business or an entity in relation to the value of business or entity’s owned by its competitor’s or its industry peers, so that a comparative position can come to the picture (Linden & Freeman, 2017). The various tools used to obtain the relative valuation rather than absolute valuation by this technique are ratios, benchmark, average or multiples etc. In our calculation the multiple used is the price earning ratio, that is calculated dividing the per unit price of the stock by the earning per share, so that to know the stock’s price multiples of its earnings. The entity having the higher P/E ratio is being traded at a higher price in comparison to the price of the stock of its competitors or peers is considered as overvalued stock and vice-versa.
The following are the major factors other than the capital budgeting techniques discussed above while making investment decision in an entity:
Standard deviation only measures the risk associated with the individual stocks, as it is basically the measurement of volatility (Goldmann, 2016). It is actually the beta that measures the risk of the market as a whole or in other words it can be told that the beta measures the market risk premium. Use of standard deviation as a measurement of risk can be found suitable for determination of the stand-alone risk or for those assets which are held in isolation. In other words such risks are either unsystematic or diversifiable or unique in nature. Standard deviation is the measurement of volatility.
The other options for measurement of risks are as follows:
i). Beta
ii). VaR (Value at Risk)
iii). Conditional VaR
Conclusion
From the above analysis it is quite evident that the concept of capital structure is a key factor while making investment decision of the company (Farmer, 2018). We can see that there are many variables which needs to be taken care off while calculating the weighted average cost of capital and for the given 2 companies, it is almost the same with very less difference. The proportion of the debt and equity in the company plays a very important role in the outcome of the return of the company.
References
Alexander, F. (2016). The Changing Face of Accountability. The Journal of Higher Education, 71(4), 411-431.
Belton, P. (2017). Competitive Strategy: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. London: Macat International ltd. Retrieved from https://www.routledge.com/Competitive-Strategy-Creating-and-Sustaining-Superior-Performance/Belton/p/book/9781912128808
Boccia, F., & Leonardi, R. (2016). The Challenge of the Digital Economy: Markets, Taxation and Appropriate Economic Models. Springer.
Choy, Y. K. (2018). Cost-benefit Analysis, Values, Wellbeing and Ethics: An Indigenous Worldview Analysis. Ecological Economics, 145. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.08.005
Farmer, Y. (2018). Ethical Decision Making and Reputation Management in Public Relations. Journal of Media Ethics, 1-12.
Gerlach, J., Mora, N., & Uysal, P. (2018). Bank funding costs in a rising interest rate environment. Journal of Banking and Finance, 87, 164-186.
Goldmann, K. (2016). Financial Liquidity and Profitability Management in Practice of Polish Business. Financial Environment and Business Development, 4, 103-112. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39919-5_9
Heminway, J. (2017). Shareholder Wealth Maximization as a Function of Statutes, Decisional Law, and Organic Documents. SSRN, 1-35.
Jefferson, M. (2017). Energy, Complexity and Wealth Maximization, R. Ayres. Springer, Switzerland . Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 353-354.
Linden, B., & Freeman, R. (2017). Profit and Other Values: Thick Evaluation in Decision Making. Business Ethics Quarterly, 27(3), 353-379. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/beq.2017.1
Meroño-Cerdán, A., Lopez-Nicolas, C., & Molina-Castillo, F. (2017). Risk aversion, innovation and performance in family firms. Economics of Innovation and new technology, 1-15.
Solicitors, S. (2016). The Principles of Contract. Contract, 13.
Visinescu, L., Jones, M., & Sidorova, A. (2017). Improving Decision Quality: The Role of Business Intelligence. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 57(1), 58-66.
Werner, M. (2017). Financial process mining – Accounting data structure dependent control flow inference. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 25, 57-80.
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