Background

Data communication is a kind of process which is used in computing devices and mobile networks. It provides a platform to transfer data or information from one location to another with the help of data links. Data communication technologies can enable digital data between two or more computer networks (Bi, Ho, & Zhang, 2015). This type of system involves different kinds of networks, telecommunication system, and other communication servers. The main objective of this report is to describe current advances in the sector of data communication and their merits and demerits. In which two or more network devices are interconnected with the help of data links and connecting wires like a coaxial cable. There are mainly two type of communication technologies used such as wired and wireless technology but this modern generation move towards the wireless innovation. It is observed that the main problem with the wireless communication system is security and privacy. Internet of thing is an advanced data communication technology and it is more efficient than use internet access to communicate with other (Boccardi, et al., 2014). At that time, many consumers use WAN to share their information from one device to another. This report is explaining the fundamental concept of data communication technologies and the advance of the communication system. There are main two parts of any communication system, for example, transmitter and receiver and in which the transmitter is used to send data and receiver is used to receive data.

Data communication is defined as a network system which is used for communication purpose and in which signals transfer in the form of electromagnetic wave pulse. There are two types so signals developed by information and technology such as analog and digital (Cunha, et al., 2016). The physical interconnection between computer networks and peripheral devices is done with the help of cables and wireless system. There are mainly four types of data communication networks available in the market such as WAN, MAN, PAN, and LAN. However, this type of communication system collects information and signals from other microcomputers and transmits that data to a central network which is the more powerful computer network. In last five years the rate of wireless networks is increasing very fast due to which information and technology established advanced communication networks such as long-term evaluation (LTE), Wi-Fi-Direct, 5G, and the internet of thing, RFID, LI-Fi, and Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (Dike, Obiora, & Eze, 2016). Wi-Fi is defined as a wireless fidelity that provides wireless connectivity between transmitter and receiver. The main problem with the data communication network is that it is very less secure and low bandwidth. Li-Fi is an advanced version of Wi-Fi which is more secure. In this report, all these communication networks will describe the merits and demerits.  

Current advancement in data communication technologies

Wireless is a very important and common communication network which is used to share data from one person to another. In which both transmitter and receiver do not require any kind of connecting wires because with the help of wireless connectivity data transmitted through transmitter circuit and received by receiver circuit (Fantacci, & Marabissi, 2016). There are following the latest advancement in the field of a communication system:

• Internet of thing
• Long-term evaluation (LTE)
• Fifth generation (5G)
• 6LoWPAN 

The IoT is the very advanced generation of communication technology and it is a more flexible process by which consumers can share data from a long distance. It is a kind of communication network that use internet access to interconnect two or more computing devices. It is observed that the rate of IoT is increased by 31% and around 8.4 billion people are using this data communication technology. The main reason for this increment is that IoT provide an effective communication system and it has the ability to improve the performance of any communication process (Kaushal, & Kaddoum, 2016).  In which an object represented in the form of digital and it is now connected to any database system. There are different types of sensors used such as RFID, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and Zigbee. The best part of this technology is that the speed of data communication is very fast due to which many organizations can easily communicate with their clients.

It consists of web-enabled smart devices which utilize embedded microcontrollers, electronic sensors, and hardware’s to collect data from the transmitter. Moreover, IoT devices communicate with other peripheral devices and it can be operated without any human intervention because this technology is completely based on wireless communication technology. There are many examples of this technology, for example, smart cities, automatic home appliances, for long distance communication, satellite communication, IoT in agriculture, and IoT in automatic cars. In which data or information is sent to a cloud-based network and sensor devices are connected to the cloud system with the help of many methods such as, cellular networks, Wi-Fi, internet connectivity, LPWAN, and another communication process. Once data is stored into the cloud after that some of software’s perform data processing step and in which data is converted into a form of code to reduce distortion and noise from original information.

There are many advantages of this data communication technology which are described below:

• It is a very effective technique that can be used for long distance communication
• More flexible process
• An automatic communication system
• Take very less time to send data from one location to another
• Very low-cost technology
• Produce effective data that reduced overall noise and distortion
• The gain and bandwidth of this wireless network are very large as compared to Wi-Fi.
• Provide tracking process for home appliance

• Very complex to design
• It required proper connectivity between the transmitter and receiver
• Less secure
• It is very less in terms of safety (Kuzlu, Pipattanasomporn, & Rahman, 2014).

LTE is the fourth generation of cellular network and it is the very high-speed communication system for mobile devices and other computer networks. It is observed that around 50% of people use LTE networks to communicate with their friends because it is very secure and fast process (Roh, et al., 2014). The main problem with the network is that it has very less bandwidth due to which at a time only one person can communicate within a particular band. In this modern generation, information and communication technology changed the LTE communication system and they increased their bandwidth (Merolla, et al., 2014). For example, in the year 2014, LTE is not much popular because it is very limited by which consumers were suffering the problem of call forwarding and in the year 2018 they improve their services now consumers enjoy this innovation. The security is a big concern with long-term evaluation and because of this many organization and customers lost their private data or information. Now, information technology uses various security plans and use digital communication technology to reduce the problem of the data breach. There are following current advancement in the field of long-term evaluation:

• Improved the value of data rate that is 3 Gigabit per seconds
• Large frequency spectrum (16 bit per second to 30 bit per second)
• Improved the numbers of active subscribers
• Also increased overall performance, for example, DL 2*2 MIMO which provide 2040 bit per second

Internet of thing

In the year 2015, the rate of long-term evaluation is increased by around 150% because it provides the more effective server to their customers in very less amount. At that time information technologies developed LTE release8 which is very limited and in the year 2017, they increased multiple inputs multiple outputs. Now LTE is growing very fast and they produced R10 which has the capability to provide 30 bps/Hz spectral frequency. One imperative part of MIMO framework is identified with radio wire determination procedures. A few open issues such as code outlines and investigation for reception apparatus choice still require more examinations in light of the fact that both transmitting and accepting strategies need to determine the particular channel condition to accomplish an exact and high information rate. Additionally inquire about on ideal joint transmit and get reception apparatus determinations can likewise be considered as opposed to having autonomous transmit or get radio wire determination approach.

• Reduce the traffic signal and distortion
• Users can share data from one location to another without using any data wires
• High data speed
• The rate of the spectrum is also very large
• It supports MIMO networks

• Very low bandwidth
• Very complex to design
• Less secure
• Increase security threats and risks

It is an advanced version of 4G which a reduced drawback of cellular mobile network and it is also increased the data rate of signals. It is the future of wireless networks and the first phase of 5G will be completed in the year 2019. It is observed that this generation will produce 20 Gigabits per second and the frequency range of this communication system is between 600 MHZ and 6 GHz (Thompson, et al., 2014). The lower frequency of 5G is very large as compared to the 4G system and it is observed that the efficiency of communication will be increased by 50%. 5G systems are the up and coming age of portable web network, offering quicker speeds and more dependable associations on cell phones and different gadgets than any time in recent memory. Some consider 5G to be the following advancement in remote information interchanges, promising higher transfer speed and information rates, with altogether fewer transmission delays. Others, in any case, say the innovation will be progressive, empowering a large group of new applications including humanoid robots, associated autos, and the Internet of Things, with its billions of gadgets weighed down with implanted sensors (Yang, et al., 2014). The main advantage of this data communication technology is that it will increase the overall efficiency of computer networks. It will enhance the security between gadgets other than cell phones, for example, sensors, vehicles, robots, and automatons. That conceivably opens the likelihood of industry-modifying changes in parts going from agribusiness and human services to assembling and warehousing.

Merits of the Internet of thing

There are following advantages of the fifth generation:

• Very high resolution and large bandwidth
• It has the ability to gather all computer networks on one platform
• Efficiency and performance will be high
• High data rate
• Very easy to manage
• Will provide uniform connectivity between internet and mobile device

This technology is under process due to which people cannot find drawbacks of 5G

• Security issue
• Limited resources
• Very complex to design
• It is the very big issue to increase the speed of data rate
• 5G smartphones are very costly
• Security and privacy issues

It is a type of personal area network which is used in many computer networks to interconnect two or more peripheral devices. This type of data communication technology is used in business industries and for the small network where people can easily communicate with their friends. It is a combination of internet protocol and low-power WPAN and it also provides a number of small devices to transmit data from a source with the help of internet protocols (Wuthishuwong, Traechtler, & Bruns, 2015). This technology was developed to improve the efficiency of the small communication network and it can interconnect with 802.15.4 networks and other IP networks. There are main two applications of this communication technology such as smart meters, and smart homes. 6LoWPAN gives a method for conveying parcel information as IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 and different systems. It gives end-to-end IPv6 and accordingly it can give guide availability to a tremendous assortment of systems including a direct network to the Internet. With many low power remote sensor systems and different types of specially appointed remote systems, it is essential that any new remote framework or innovation has a characterized zone which it addresses. While there are numerous types of remote systems including remote sensor systems, 6LoWPAN tends to a region that is as of now not tended to by some other framework, i.e. that of utilizing IP, and specifically IPv6 to convey the information.

• It can directly communicate with internet access
• Data can be collected by using computer network without waiting for the response of coordinator
• Data transmission is faster rather than WPAN
• Use IPv6 network for communication purpose which is more effective

• Cannot be used for large network
• Increased security threats and risks
• Data can be lost during the transmission process
• The very complex process to implement data communication technology

Data communication is a kind of process by which consumers can communicate with their computer devices and other peripheral devices. In this modern generation information and technology developed numbers of communication networks like the internet of thing, Wi-Fi, long-term evaluation, and other wireless systems (Wang, et al., 2014). It is identified that the main problem with data communication technology is security and privacy issues. Due to the lack of security, many consumers can lose their private details and information. It is recommended that the security threats and risks associated with data communication system can be reduced by adopting encryption, cryptography and firewall software. Encryption is a technique that converts information of the sender into the particular code and transmits from source to receiver and it avoids the problem of noise and distortion. Hackers generally use malware and botnet process to block the servers and computer network and if consumers use robust process then they can improve the security of their private data. The drawbacks of the internet of thing can be reduced by using the latest Nanotechnologies and adopting antiviruses. Information and communication technology developed various kinds of prevention steps for data communication such as establishing a password-based system, adopt a secure backup plan, purchase some protection software’s like firewall, and produce a security culture into an organization.

Demerits of the Internet of thing

Conclusion

Data communication refers as a communication system that provides a way to share data or information from one person to another. in this modern generation information technology use digital system as compare to analog because digital communication system is more secure and very easy to implement. This report explained the working principle of data communication technology and current advances in the field of computer networks. There are mainly two types of networks used by consumers for example, wired and wireless networks. In wired communication transmitter and receiver are connected with the help of connecting cables like coaxial cable but in wireless technology, both source and receiver are interconnected with the help of wireless connectivity like the internet. The main advantage of this technology is that it can be used for long-distance communication. There are many advanced data communication system developed in the last five years, for example, internet of thing, long-term evolution, 5G, and 6LoWPAN which are described in this report with their merits and demerits. Therefore, the problem of security in data communication can be avoided if consumers protect their personal information by using biometric recognition system and encryption technology. 

References

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