Consequences Of Oil Spills For Informing Planning | Importance Of Environmental Accounting Standards

Discussion

Describe about the Consequences of Oil Spills for Informing Planning.

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The  British  Petroleum  Limited  was  held  responsible  for  the  Deepwater  oil  spill .  the  accidental  spills  follows  either  from  nature  or  manmade  disasters.  The  damages  resulting  from  such  accidental  spills  and  the  cost  required  to  perform  the  cleaning  and  restoring  the  ecosystem  cannot  be  quantified  because  there  is  a  loss  of  social  wealth.  The  BP  Limited  in  association  of  Transocean  Limited  was  to  drill the  well   and  perform  all  the  drilling  activities. Though  the  US  government  held  only  BP  responsible   for  the  spills  and  was  held  accountable  to  bear  all  the  cleanup  costs  ,  though  BP  was  of  the  view  that  the  Transocean  also  was  to  blame  considerably. All  the  charges  imposed  by  the  government  were  deducted  by  the  company  from  the  taxable  income.  The  company  was  blamed   to  not   depict  the  fines  or  penalties  imposed  in  its  income  statements  except  for  those  under  which  it  has  strict  liability.  And  it  argued  that  the  reliable  amount  is  difficult  to  estimate. The  damages  caused  and  the  lost  of  ecosystem  goods  and  services  could  not  be  assessed  as  there  was   no  reliable  method. The  company  did  not  make  a  clear  disclosure  of  the  social  damages  and  the  ecosystem  details  as  a  result  of  which  the  stakeholders  of  the  company  would  not  be  able  to  get  a  clear  picture  of  the  company’s  performance  and  it s  position and  its  seriousness  when  it  comes  to  be  a  corporate  environmental  responsible. This  calls  for  the  urgency  and  requirement  of  stringent  environmental  accounting  standards  and  reporting  guidelines.   For  any  company  there  would  be  nothing  important  that the  trust  of  its  shareholders  which  they  have  in  the  company  they  are  investing,  and  for  the  company  to  be  ecologically  friendly,  it  needs  to  work  in  accordance  with  the  accounting  standard  of  the  environment. The  loss  of  social  and  ecological  wealth  is  a  serious  matter  of  concern  and  it  should  be  accounted  for.

Oil  spills  poses  a  major  threat  to  marine  inhabitants  and  it  occurs  either  due  to  human  negligence  or  due  to  the  random  nature  of  disasters  which  can  be  said  that  it  can  be  accidental  as  well as  intentional. The  deepwater  oil  spill  has  a  severe  impact  on  the  environment ,  economy  and  the  industry  as  a  whole  and  has  severe  consequences  on  the  life  of  marine  habitats. The  worst  oil  spill  in  the  history  of  maritime  hampered  the  biological  system  and  the  company  BP  Limited  came  up  with  limited  effort  in  assessing  the  well  being  of  the  people  which  were  harmed  by  the  disastrous  spill (Chang et al. 2014).  The  task  of  quantifying  the  damages  and  loss  to  social  life  was  difficult  as  there  was  no  proper  methodology  followed.  I  agree   with  the  fact  that  the  impact  on  economy  and  ecology  was   difficult  to  quantify  in  terms  of  time  as  well as  space  and  money  as  there  was  no  proper  methodology  of  technically  calculating  the  loss ,  the  company  did  little  for  the  humans  who  were  directly  affected  by  the  spill. Though  the  industry  also  experience  the  losses  which  is  caused  to  them  directly ,  it  is  not  ethical  on  their  part  to  ignore  the  losses  and  sufferings  of  the  living  beings  affected.

Environmental Accounting Standards and Reporting Guidelines

The  report  has  proposed  the  idea  of  using  political  path  to  resolve  the  scale  of  penalties   rather  technically.  The  company  should  be  given  to  follow  such  regime  which  follows  a  process   and  which  makes  it  mandatory  to  have  a  proper  risk  assessment  procedure  to  determine  the  risks  at  its  end  and  the  efforts  and  the  plan  which  could  help  in  mitigating  the  risks. Marine  liability  damages  needs  to  be  assessed  using  some  powerful  tools   which  is  to  be  used  by  the  courts  or  plaintiffs  is  not  completely  acceptable  because  the  first  step   toward  assessing  the  risks  of  environmental  damages  is  in  the  hand  of  the  company  operating.  It  would  be  better  to  follow  the  approach  which is  more  process  oriented  rather  than  relying  on  the  government  and   regulators.  The  information  about  the  social  damages  and  the  ecosystem  which have  not  been  fully  disclosed  by  the  company  is  relevant  in  assessing  the  efforts  which  needs  to  be  required  to  restore  the  ecological  and  social  wealth  and  evaluate  the  biological  damages. The  multiple  Gulf  of  Mexico  states  have  been  affected  by  BP  oil  spills  and  there  have  been  sub  tropical  and  tropical  storms  including  epic  which  ultimately  devastated  the  thousand  of  occupations  and  business ().

The  trustees  and  the  government  finds  it  difficult  to  measure  and  evaluate  the  loss  of  goods  and  services  of  the  ecosystem  as  there  is  no  proper  methodology  and   rigorous  method  which  can  be  followed. Apart  from  the  monetary  costs  involved  in  negotiating  the  damages  ,  there  should  be  the  efforts  of   restoring  the  lost  ecosystem.  So  the  proposal  of  quantifying  the  damages   by  way  of  monetary  compensation  and  promoting  the  efforts  to  restore  the  lost  biodiversity  and  ecosystem  should  be  agreed  upon. The  process  of  assessing  the  risks  should  integrate  the  ecosystem  services  with  the  biodiversity. The  disclosure  of  the  integrated  annual  report  by  the  company  would  provide  a  meaningful  format  and  it  would  be  more  reliable(Prendergas and Gschwend 2014).

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The  environmental  accounting  standards  and  the  guidelines  of  the  reporting  should  be  made  standardized :

The  appropriate  disclosure  of  all  the  externalities  whether  social  and  ecological  should  be  made  by  the  entity  being  reported. The  extent  of  dependency  on  the  ecosystem  and  the  impact  of  its  operational  activities  on  it  should  be  fully  disclosed  in  terms  of  monetary  as  well  as  non  monetary  metrics. The  amount  of  water  which  needs  to  be  consumed  in  carrying  out  activities  and  whether  there  would  be  any  impact on  climate  should  also  be  informed  disclosed ().

Conclusion

The  methodology  followed  in  calculating  all  the   environmental  transactions  which  are  material  and  the  summary  of  the  table  of  all  the  liabilities  and  the  assets  and  the  amount  of  revenue  accruing  from  environment  should  be  systematically  disclosed.  The  existence  of  potential  gaps  between  the  actual  and  estimated  externalities  should  be  accounted  for  and  explained  in  detail. The  reporting  entity  should  disclose  the  updated  status  and  the  trend  of  the  ecosystem  in  which  it  operates. This  would  form  a  reference  point of  ecology  for  the  stakeholders  prior  to  any  accidents  or  any  impact. The  entity  could  collaborate  with  any  public  institution  or  any  non  government  organization  for  the  purpose  of   collection  and  processing   of  the  data  sets  of  the  ecosystem. There  should  be  a  structural  and  disclosure  of  the  ecological  impact  in  a  transparent  manner(Flammer  2013).

There  should  be  some  arrangements  made  by  the  entity  itself  to  determine  the  impact  of  their  activities  and  at  the  same  time  safeguarding  the  measures  to  reduce  the  impacts  which  are  significant. The  measures  taken  to  mitigate  the  risks  should  be  assessed  in  terms  of  their  ecological  efficacy (Chartered Accountants Australia And New Zealand – Education).

According  to  the  environmental  impact  assessment,  there  are  some  checklist  which  needs  to  be  considered  before  engaging  in  any  proposals. The  aspects  include  determining  the  resilience  of  the  environment  when  exposed  to  stresses,  the  functional  relationship  of  the   ecosystem  that  exists  and  estimating  how  much  sensible  is  environment  to  stress. For   the  business  to  sustain  it  should  pre  assess  some  of  the  potential  threats to  which  it  is  exposed  and  accordingly  safeguard  against  it (“Search | IFAC”).

The  reporting  entity  should  carry  out  its  operations  in  accordance  with  the  guidelines  of  the  environmental  accounting  standards. The  accounting  standards  for  environment  could  be  amended  as  per  the  requirements  and  it  would  be  more  standardized  .  The  organization  is  liable  to  undertake  the  restoration  projects  and  bear  the  costs  of  the  same  in  order  to  enhance  the  marine  inhabitants.

Conclusion :

The  study  conducted  summarizes  the  measures  and  the  approaches  which  the  company  needs  to  adopt  and  follow  so  as  to  assess  the  disasters  impact  and  it  calls  for  the  need  to  address  the  problems  which  are  brought  about  by  the  BP Oil  Spills. The  impact  of  the  oil  spill  are  influenced  by  the  variety  of  factors  and  they  are  need  to  be  accounted  for. There  should  be  mechanisms  to  assess  the  loss   and  damages  and  the  company  needs  to   be  proactive  in  dealing   with  such  accidents. Being  The  nature  of  BP  oil  spill  was  unusual  ,  the  company   needs  to  built  better  mechanism.  The  consequences  of  the  oil  spill  on  the  environment  can  be  short  term  or  long  term  and  the  well  being  of  humans  should  not  be  ignored. The  company  does  not  make  a  systematic  disclosure  of  the  information  regarding  the  ecological  damages  and  the  way  of  carrying  out  operations  in  the   environment  , so  it  needs to  provide  with  the  detailed  information  about  its  environment  assessment  to  its  stakeholders. The  legitimacy  theory  could  be  followed  by  the  company  but  the  disclosures  of  the  corporations  should  be  real  and  there  should  be  congruency  between  activities   and  social   values . The  environmental  reporting  of  the  company  should  be  according  to  the  legislative  theory  but  it  has   to  be  advanced  in  order  to  examine  the  variety  of  disclosures  to  be  realized  fully.  The  BP  Ltd  does  not  disclose  the  ecosystem  damage  details  in  its  income  statements  and  the  amount  of  penalties  imposed  is  also  not  clearly  depicted ,  so  it  should  make  a  systematic  disclosure  of  all the  integrated  annual  reports  to  its  stakeholders  .so  the  theory  followed  by  the  company  needs  to  be  more  sophisticated  so  that  it  is  bother  to  make  a  full  disclosure. Though  the  maintaining  of  the  legitimacy  is  not  as  easy  as  it  appears, The  disclosure  policies  of  the  company  needs  to  be  changed  in  order  to  gain  the  stakeholders  trust. The  problem  does  not  lie  with  the  theory  but  with  the  unwillingness  of  the  organization  to  make  a  full  disclosure  of  the  actual  picture  of  the  environmental  damages  if  incurred. The  theory  should  be  followed  by  the  company  on  the  occasion  of  being  using  it  fairly. The  legitimacy  theory  comes  with  the  mechanisms  of  understanding  the  need  to  make  environmental  and  social  disclosure  by  the  organization.

Reference :

“Search | IFAC”. Ifac.org. N.p., 2016

Chang, S.E., Stone, J., Demes, K. and Piscitelli, M., 2014. Consequences of oil spills: a review and framework for informing planning. Ecol Soc, 19(2), p.26.

Chartered Accountants Australia And New Zealand – Education”. Charteredaccountantsanz.com. N.p., 2016

Flammer, C., 2013. Corporate social responsibility and shareholder reaction: The environmental awareness of investors. Academy of Management Journal, 56(3), pp.758-781.

Hauge, K.H., Blanchard, A., Andersen, G., Boland, R., Grøsvik, B.E., Howell, D., Meier, S., Olsen, E. and Vikebø, F., 2014. Inadequate risk assessments–A study on worst-case scenarios related to petroleum exploitation in the Lofoten area. Marine Policy, 44, pp.82-89.

Prendergast, D.P. and Gschwend, P.M., 2014. Assessing the performance and cost of oil spill remediation technologies. Journal of Cleaner Production,78, pp.233-242.

Santos, C.F., Michel, J., Neves, M., Janeiro, J., Andrade, F. and Orbach, M., 2013. Marine spatial planning and oil spill risk analysis: finding common grounds. Marine pollution bulletin, 74(1), pp.73-81.

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