Instructions to the studentDuring this assessment, you will be assessed on your ability to:
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- Safely administer IV Therapy and IV bolus medication to your simulated patient scenario.
- Demonstrate knowledge and use of a medications handbook (i.e./ MIMS) and identify potential nursing considerations of the medication in use.
- Demonstrate 100% accuracy in drug calculation of IV fluid rates and dosage of medication in the simulated scenario.
- Identify nursing considerations in administering the prescribed medication to your simulated patient scenario.
This assessment will take place in the skills lab at a predetermined time arranged with your educator lasting approximately 20 minutes and will be done in pairs or as stipulated by your Educator.
- As your patient will be a real person with a stimulated simulated disease, it is important to familiarise yourself with the scenario below and analyse the information given to you.
- On completion of the assessment you will be provided by with constructive performance feedback by your educator and will be graded as satisfactory or not satisfactory result.
- Once this assessment is completed and resulted, ensure you save a copy for your own records and upload a copy into open space for evidence.
Resources for the student
- All nursing documentation required is attached to this assessment and will need to be pre-printed and bought into the simulated environment for this assessment.
- Cannulation Documentation Chart (VIPS Scale)
- Medication Authority and administration chart
- Intravenous Therapy Orders
Patient scenario 4Joel is a 17-year-old man who has been at a summer ‘Rage’ concert and has presented in A&E with the following symptoms:
- Nausea
- Ataxia
- Headache
- Tachycardia
- Hypotension
He is diagnosed promptly as being dehydrated and the RMO on Duty authorises on a Medical Authority that you commence IV hydration of an Isotonic solution 1000mls in 6 hrs for rehydration and replacement of electrolytes. Included on the Medication Authority is an order for IV Metocloperamide of 10mg 4/24hrly PRN and a ‘stat’ dose of paracetamol PR 1gm which you are required to administer.
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- Question 1
Prior to commencing IV therapy what nursing considerations do you need to undertake?
- Question 2
He has been prescribed an isotonic solution for infusion, please give an example of what this could be?
- Question 3
Demonstrate correct calculation of mls per hour and drops per minute at the prescribed rate of infusion that will be required for you to set an electronic pump up.
- Question 4
What is the Generic and Trade name of the anti-emetic drug ordered and what routes of administration can this medication be given by?
- Question 5
Calculate the volume to be drawn up and administered as per outline of a medication handbook.
- Question 6
Is the Medical authority an acceptable dosage for an adult of metoclopramide?
- Question 7
How would you administer this medication IV? Discuss how you would administer the paracetamol medication.
- Question 8
Demonstrate a correct technique of checking the IV cannula site providing rationale for the observations you are undertaking.
- Question 9
List at least 4 observations required for an IV cannula check.
- Question 10
Which tools could you use to clarify the location and nature of his pain/discomfort?
- Question 11
How would you evaluate the effectiveness of the pain relief given?
- Question 12
What complimentary strategies could you implement to assist him with his pain management?
- Question 13
Where would this be documented?
- Question 14
Should this patient have an anaphylaxis reaction to the paracetamol what signs and symptoms would you observe?
- Question 15
List three immediate nursing actions.
- Questions 16
State the three main side effects of paracetamol?
- Question 17
How would your nursing considerations change if he was having the Isotonic solution via subcutaneous route?
ReferencesBalfour, J. A. (1997). Dolasetron. Drugs, 54(2), 273-298.Catanyag, H. (2012). Duties and Responsibilities of Intravenous Therapy Nurse. nursing notes.Cowen, R. M. (2015). Assessing pain objectively: the use of physiological markers. Anaesthesia, 70(7), 828-847.Fenlon, S. J. (2012). Oral vs intravenous paracetamol for lower third molar extractions under general anaesthesia: is oral administration inferior? British journal of anaesthesia, 110(3), 432-437.
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- R.-B. (2017). How to Assess a Peripheral Intravenous (IV) Cannula. Ausmed.
Gaffigan, M. E. (2015). A randomized controlled trial of intravenous haloperidol vs. intravenous metoclopramide for acute migraine therapy in the emergency department. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 49(3), 326-334.Gerbershagen, H. J. (2011). Determination of moderate-to-severe postoperative pain on the numeric rating scale: a cut-off point analysis applying four different methods. British journal of anaesthesia, 107(4), 619-626.Hamdamian, S. S. (2018).
Effects of aromatherapy with Rosa damascena on nulliparous women’s pain and anxiety of labor during first stage of labor. Journal of integrative medicine, 16(2), 120-125.Härkänen, M. A.-J. (2016). Systematic review and meta-analysis of educational interventions designed to improve medication administration skills and safety of registered nurses. Nurse education today, 41, 36-43.Jo Ann Dalton, J. C. (2001). Documentation of pain assessment and treatment: How are we doing? . NCBI, 2(2), 54-64.Jones, R. S. (2014). Measuring intravenous cannulation skills of practical nursing students using rubber mannequin intravenous training arms. Military medicine, 179(11), 1361-1367.Kim, U. R. (2017). Drug Infusion Systems:
Technologies, Performance, and Pitfalls. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 124(5), 1493-1505.McDowell, S. E.-I. (2009). Where errors occur in the preparation and administration of intravenous medicines: a systematic review and Bayesian analysis. BMJ Quality & Safety.Rocha-e-Silva, M. (2016). Cardiovascular effects of shock and trauma in experimental models. A review.” Brazilian journal of cardiovascular surgery, 31(1), 45-51.Stephenson. (2000). Commentary—anaphylactic reactions to paracetamol. Evidence-based mental health, 76(898). ‘Hospital Only Prescription’
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Re-assessment:
Should a result of Not Satisfactory (NS) be received any re-assessment is conducted as soon as practicable after you have been provided feedback on the areas that need to be readdressed. You will be re-assessed only in the areas assessed as (NS).
After re-assessment occurs should it still be evident an overall understanding of this unit has not been demonstrated a meeting with your Educator will take place to discuss options for further/varied forms of assessment or repeating of the unit of competency at a cost.
Should additional support be required it is your responsibility to request additional assistance or clarification as soon as possible after receiving initial feedback.
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“I affirm that all work submitted within is my true and original work unless otherwise credited”
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Student signature:
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Date:
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If completing and submitting this assessment electronically, please tick this box to acknowledge that by including your name in place of a signature above, it is deemed to be your signature for the purpose of this assessment.
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Before commencing IV therapy, the attending nurse has to put into consideration a factors relating to the patient and the IV equipment. These aspects include ensuring that the Iv equipment is compatible with each other, the Iv solution has not expired, the Iv container is devoid of contamination and other mechanical issues like cracks, and adherence to the correct infection control in the infusion process. The nurse has to document all the management practices that the patient receives. It is important to note that the nurse is the primary caregiver to the patient ad is responsible for the patient during the whole infusion process (Catanyag, 2012).
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There are different types of isotonic solutions that can be used for IV infusions. An example is normal saline which has 0.9 saline in water. One can also use a dextrose solution which has 5% dextrose and 0,225% saline. The choice of Iv solution depends on patient factors and the solution available. When the patient needs both rehydration and glucose infusion, the best choice is dextrose solution (Rocha-e-Silva, 2016).
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The prescribed infusion is to be carried out to ensure that 1000mls of fluid is administered to the patient in 6hrs. 1000mls/6hrs= 166.7mls of fluid per hour. One millimetre of water has about 20 drops. The number of drops per hour is calculated by multiplying the number of drops per millilitre of water by the number of millilitres infused in one hour. 166.7*20= 3334 drops. The number of drops per minute is 3334/60= 55.5 drops per minute. The rate of infusion will therefore be around 56 drops per minute (Härkänen, 2016).
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Metoclopramide is the generic name of an antiemetic drug with several trade names including reglan, metoclopramide, and metozolv. The drug can be administered orally, intravenously or intramuscularly (Gaffigan, 2015).
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Metoclopramide is administered at the rate of 1 to 2grams and infused for more than fifteen minutes. The dosage has to be repeated every two hours for two doses followed by a three hour interval for three doses.
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The dosage levels of metoclopramide used on a patient is dependent on the condition being treated. the cause of the nausea and vomiting determines the dosage forms to be used and the frequency.
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Considering that the case scenario involves a patient with an intravenous line, the best way to administer the drug is by injecting it into the fluid being infused (McDowell, 2009).
To avoid possible drug interactions, the paracetamol medication can be administered orally since oral administration is equally effective (Fenlon, 2012).
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The use of IV cannulas for infusion of fluids could easily lead to complications which make it necessary for the attending clinician to routinely monitor the infusion site and equipment. The direct access to the blood provided by the IV cannula can be a source of infection. Any Cannula that is not being used should be removed. The patient should also be educated, ensuring that they agree to the procedure. Always be on the look-out for infections. The cannula should also be well dressed at all times (Gillian, 2017).
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An IV cannula check aims at preventing possible complications and ensuring that the process is going on as it should (Kim, 2017).
1. Correct insertion of the cannula into the vein should be ensured at all times, flashing the cannula can help ensure that the vein is correctly accessed. Adequate training ensures that few errors occurs during cannulation (Jones, 2014).
2. Correct dressing of the infusion site to ensure that the cannula is secured in place and avoid infection.
3. Absence of leakages is also an important aspect to check when checking the cannula.
4. The clinician has to make sure that the infusion process is painless. Pain is an indicator of venous phlebitis and is in most cases a sign that the cannula was not correctly inserted
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Assessing the level of pain can be done using tools like the visual analogue scale and McGill pain questionnaire. The collection of a comprehensive history regarding the pain is essential to determine important aspects like the character, onset, and aggravating factors associated with the pain. Visual analogue scale is in most cases adequate to assess the level of pain. The patient will also be able to indicate the location of the pain in most cases (Gerbershagen, 2011).
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The effectiveness of the medication used can be monitored using the main markers of the condition. Reduction or disappearance of the pain is the main marker that the medication works in most scenarios. Obvious discomfort normally visible in the patient will also disappear. In headaches whose intensity increase with certain environmental factors such as noise or light, the patient will show reduced sensitivity to these factors (Cowen, 2015).
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Additional management of headaches include the avoidance of stress, the use of acupuncture techniques, dietary changes, aromatherapy, and massage. The management procedure used is highly dependent on the nature of the headache and the possible causes as evaluated by the clinician. Incorporating these management practices in the treatment of the patient can help eradicate the discomfort faster and more effectively. Herbs can also be helpful in treating headaches. It is important to make sure that the herbs being used are compatible with the medication given to the patient to avoid possible drug toxicities.
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Documentation of all aspects relating to the plain is essential to ensure that the whole team carries out their practices as expected. The documentation should be secured in the patient file for easier access when required. The most important aspects that need documentation include the nature of the pain before commencement of treatment, the treatment procedure being used, and the general appearance of the patient after the management procedure. Changes in management procedures should also be documented with important considerations being relayed from between the different clinicians involved in managing the patient (Jo Ann Dalton, 2001).
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Paracetamol is a weak cyclooxygenase inhibitor and hence associated with less episodes of anaphylactic reactions. The signs of this reaction when present include facial and body edema, severe hypotension, and breathlessness. Breathlessness is caused by bronchospasms caused by the anaphylactic reaction. It is important to monitor the patient regularly and administer betamethasone and epinephrine which alleviate the symptoms preventing further complications of the anaphylactic attack. The clinician should establish if the patient has had previous attack due to paracetamol use before commencing with treatment (Stephenson., 2000)
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1. The nurse has to discontinue the paracetamol infusion immediately. Making sure that the cause of the reaction is handled before commencing with the management of the resultant symptoms forms the baseline of treatment.
2. The nurse should ensure that the patient is breathing. Mechanical breathing aids are important in this condition. The use of bronchodilators is also helpful in getting rid of the bronchoconstriction associated with anaphylaxis.
3. CVS resuscitation should be the next management practice. Handling the body edema associated with the disease is helpful in reversing the severe hypotension associated with the disease.
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The main side effects of paracetamol use include increased heart rate, flushing, and allergic reactions which range from infusion site reactions to anaphylactic shock. The clinical manifestation of an adverse reaction is patient dependent and might be unique from patient to patient which has to be handled by making sure that the whole management team is vigilant on the patient condition before and after commencement of treatment.
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The infusion of fluid subcutaneously is carried out when very small amounts of the fluid are to be infused; mostly 1ml or less. Only aqueous solutions should be used since suspensions cause tissue irritation and pain. The drugs being administered in the infusion have a decreased tissue penetration in subcutaneous administration and may show a more localized effect. The subcutaneous infusion of drugs will, however, show increased duration of action. The considerations in using subcutaneous drug administration should be the target organ, the patient’s preferences, the nature of the solution, and the desired duration of action.
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CANNULATION DOCUMENTATION CHART
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Affix patient sticky label
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Visual Infusion Phlebitis Score
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ACTION
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I.V site appears healthy
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0
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No sign of phlebitis
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Continue to monitor and document once per shift
? OBSERVE CANNULA
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One of the following is evident:
· Slight pain near the I.V site or
· Slight redness near the I.V site
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1
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Possible first sign of phlebitis
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Report to medical officer. Remove cannula and resite if required. Document in clinical record.
? OBSERVE CANNULA
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Two of the following are evident:
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Early stage of phlebitis
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Report to medical officer. Remove cannula and resite if required. Document in clinical record.
? RESITE CANNULA
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· Pale near I.V site
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· Erythema
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· Swelling
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All of the following are evident
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Medium stage of phlebitis
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Report to medical officer. Remove cannula and resite if required. Document in clinical record.
? RESITE CANNULA ? CONSIDER TREATMENT
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· Pain along path of cannula
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· Erythema
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· Induration
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All of the following are evident & extensive
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Advance stage of phlebitis or start of thrombophlebitis
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Report to medical officer. Remove cannula and resite if required. Document in clinical record.
? RESITE CANNULA ? CONSIDER TREATMENT
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· Pain along path of cannula
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· Induration
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· Erythema
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· Palpable venous cord
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All of the following are evident and extensive
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Advanced stage of thrombophlebitis
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Report to medical officer. Remove cannula and resite if required. Document in clinical record.
? INITIATE TREATMENT ? RESITE CANNULA
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· Pain along path of cannula
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· Erythema
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· Palpable venous cord
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· Induration
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· Pyrexia
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Check Site Once Per Shift
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INSERTION
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CHECKS
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REMOVAL
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Date
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Score
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Initial
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S/C / IV / CVC / PICC / Arterial /
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Maximum time peripheral IV in situ 48 hrs
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Maximum time for SC is 7 days
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Routine Change Due
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Maximum time peripheral IV in situ 48 hrs
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Maximum time for SC is 7 days
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Routine Change Due
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Maximum time peripheral IV in situ 48 hrs
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Maximum time for SC is 7 days
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Check Site Once Per Shift
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INSERTION
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Maximum time peripheral IV in situ 48 hrs
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Maximum time for SC is 7 days
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Signature: ……………………
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Routine Change Due
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Print name: …………………..
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S/C / IV / CVC / PICC / Arterial /
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Maximum time peripheral IV in situ 48 hrs
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Maximum time for SC is 7 days
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Signature: ……………………….
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Maximum time for other devices
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Routine Change Due
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Maximum time peripheral IV in situ 48 hrs
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Maximum time for SC is 7 days
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Signature: ……………………
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Maximum time for other devices
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Routine Change Due
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Maximum time peripheral IV in situ 48 hrs
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Maximum time for SC is 7 days
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Routine Change Due
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Maximum time peripheral IV in situ 48 hrs
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Maximum time for SC is 7 days
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Attach ADR Sticker
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AFFIX PATIENT IDENTIFICATION LABEL HERE
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ALLERGIES & ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS (ADR)
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? Nil known ? Unknown (tick appropriate box or complete details below)
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UR No. 521 344
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Drug (or other)
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Reaction/Type/Date
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Initials
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Family Name: SINCLAIR
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Given Names: Joel
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Date of birth: 8/11/2000
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Sex ? M ? F
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Sign CBennett
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Print C. Bennett
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Date 18/9/17
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1st prescriber to Print Patient Name and Check Label Correct:
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Patient Weight (kg)………………
Height (cm)……………………
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FACILITY / SERVICE: …………………………………
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Medication Chart of
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? IV Fluid
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? BGL/ Insulin
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? Acute Pain
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? Other
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Ward/Unit: …………………………
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? Palliative Care
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? Chemotherapy
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? IV Heparin
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ONCE ONLY, PRE-MEDICATION, TELEPHONE ORDERS & NURSE INITIATED MEDICINES
(Telephone orders MUST be signed within 24 hrs of order)
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Date Prescribed
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Medication
(Print Generic Name)
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Route
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Dose
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Date/Time
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Prescriber/Nurse Initiator (N)
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Time Given
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Pharmacy
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18/9/17
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Paracetamol
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PR
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Igm
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0130
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Medicines taken Prior to Presentation to Hospital (Prescribed, over the counter, complementary)
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Own medications brought in? ? Y ? N
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Administration aid? …………………. (Specify)
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Medication
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Dose & Frequency
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Duration
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Medication
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Dose & Frequency
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Duration
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GP:
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Community Pharmacy:
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Documented by:
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(Sign)
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(Date)
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Medicines usually administered by:
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AFFIX PATIENT IDENTIFICATION LABEL HERE
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UR No:
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Family Name:
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Given Names:
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Date of Birth:
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Sex ? M ? F
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1st Prescriber to Print Patient Name and Check Label Correct: ………………….. Year 20 _______
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Date
18/9/17
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Medication (Print Generic Name)
Metoclopramide
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Date
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Prescriber’s Signature: ……………………… Print Name: ………………………….. Contact: ………………… Pharmacist: ………………….Date: …………….
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Route
IV
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Dose & Hourly Frequency
4/24
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PRN
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Max dose/24 hrs
6
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Time
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Indication
Nausea
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Pharmacy
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Dose
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Route
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Prescriber Signature
J.Johns
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Print Name
J.Johns
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Contact
22411
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Sign
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Date
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Medication (Print Generic Name)
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Date
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Route
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Dose & Hourly Frequency
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PRN
|
Max dose/24 hrs
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Time
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Indication
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Pharmacy
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Dose
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Route
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Prescriber Signature
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Print Name
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Contact
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Sign
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Date
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Medication (Print Generic Name)
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Date
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Route
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Dose & Hourly Frequency
|
PRN
|
Max dose/24 hrs
|
Time
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Indication
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Pharmacy
|
Dose
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Route
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Prescriber Signature
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Print Name
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Contact
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Sign
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Date
|
Medication (Print Generic Name)
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Date
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Route
|
Dose & Hourly Frequency
|
PRN
|
Max dose/24 hrs
|
Time
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Indication
|
Pharmacy
|
Dose
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Route
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Prescriber Signature
|
Print Name
|
Contact
|
Sign
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Date
|
Medication (Print Generic Name)
|
Date
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Route
|
Dose & Hourly Frequency
|
PRN
|
Max dose/24 hrs
|
Time
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Indication
|
Pharmacy
|
Dose
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Route
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Prescriber Signature
|
Print Name
|
Contact
|
Sign
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Date
|
Medication (Print Generic Name)
|
Date
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Route
|
Dose & Hourly Frequency
|
PRN
|
Max dose/24 hrs
|
Time
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Indication
|
Pharmacy
|
Dose
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Route
|
|
Prescriber Signature
|
Print Name
|
Contact
|
Sign
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Date
|
Medication (Print Generic Name)
|
Date
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Route
|
Dose & Hourly Frequency
|
PRN
|
Max dose/24 hrs
|
Time
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Indication
|
Pharmacy
|
Dose
|
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Route
|
|
Prescriber Signature
|
Print Name
|
Contact
|
Sign
|
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Date
|
Medication (Print Generic Name)
|
Date
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Route
|
Dose & Hourly Frequency
|
PRN
|
Max dose/24 hrs
|
Time
|
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Indication
|
Pharmacy
|
Dose
|
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Route
|
|
Prescriber Signature
|
Print Name
|
Contact
|
Sign
|
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|
Date
|
Medication (Print Generic Name)
|
Date
|
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|
Route
|
Dose & Hourly Frequency
|
PRN
|
Max dose/24 hrs
|
Time
|
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|
Indication
|
Pharmacy
|
Dose
|
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|
Route
|
|
Prescriber Signature
|
Print Name
|
Contact
|
Sign
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AS REQUIRED
‘PRN’
MEDICATIONS
|
|
|
INTRAVENOUS
THERAPY ORDERS
|
MEDICATION SENSITIVITY?
YES NO If YES give details:
|
Affix patient identification label in this box
U.R. No: __521344_________________________________________________
Surname: _____SINCLAIR___________________________________________
Given Names: ___Joel_______________________________________________
D.O.B.: __8/11/2000________ Sex: _________M_______________________
|
|
Date
|
No.
|
TYPE OF FLUID
Order only one container per line.
Include strength.
Maximum order 24 hours.
|
Vol.
|
ADDITIVES
Only Drugs added to container.
|
ADMINISTRATION TIME
|
SIGNATURES
|
|
Hours
|
Start
|
Finish
|
Medical Officer’s
|
Registered Nurse’s
|
|
18/9/17
|
1
|
Isotonic Solution
|
1000Mls
|
NIL
|
6
|
0200
|
0800
|
J.Johns
J.Johns
|
|
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| |
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|
|
INTRAVENOUS
THERAPY ORDERS
|
MEDICATION SENSITIVITY?
YES NO If YES give details:
|
Affix patient identification label in this box
U.R. No: __422611_________________________________________________
Surname: _____RAHAMA____________________________________________
Given Names: ___HASSAN___________________________________________
D.O.B.: __11/8/1958________ Sex: _________M_______________________
|
|
Date
|
No.
|
TYPE OF FLUID
Order only one container per line.
Include strength.
Maximum order 24 hours.
|
Vol.
|
ADDITIVES
Only Drugs added to container.
|
ADMINISTRATION TIME
|
SIGNATURES
|
|
Hours
|
Start
|
Finish
|
Medical Officer’s
|
Registered Nurse’s
|
|
18/9/17
|
1
|
Packed Cells
|
300Mls
|
NIL
|
4
|
1000
|
1400
|
Dr.J.Johns
Dr.J.Johns
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
18/9/17
|
|
N/Saline
|
100mls
|
NIL
|
15 mins
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
18/9/17
|
2
|
Packed Cells
|
300mls
|
NIL
|
4
|
1500
|
1900
|
Dr.J.Johns
Dr.J.Johns
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
18/9/17
|
|
N/Saline
|
100mls
|
NIL
|
15 mins
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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