Ideal Energy efficient network

• Energy consumption has been the pillar in the communication networks design. There is need to compel the energy efficient system designs and operations as the advent of the 5th generation of wireless networks has led more base stations and much more interconnections of billions devices.
• The presentations is an explanation to some of the efficient techniques of 5G networks that can be applied in making energy needed to be efficient in all manners.

Architecture of 5G network  

• The architecture of 5G network has highly advanced as it has network elements as well as terminals which have upgraded greatly and thus affording in new situations.
• System is comprises of main user terminals and independent and autonomous technologies for radio access.
• Every radio technology has an IP link from the outside world. The design of IP technology has been made on the basis of controlling sufficient data for appropriate IP packets routing that are in relation to the connections of applications.

 This is the system model of 5G that is on the basis of a model designed for all the mobile and the wireless networks. For routing of packets to be accessible they should be fixed in accordance with the available policies as per the user requirements. 

 Energy consumption in 5G network

• Consumption of energy is very high in the manner that it involves sending of routing packets in large volumes way and much more sending them very fast thus requiring a lot of energy in transmission.
• Large volume of data can be transmitted from the source to the destination at a go, thus it may require a lot of computing resources in completion of the process. This has led to a lot of energy being consumed greatly.

Economic and Environmental concerns

• 5G economy and environmental concerns have been described on the basis on how the 5G network will affect the ecomomy in general and the entire environments. The benefits of 5G have not been widely known in the globe when compared to its predecessors such as 2G,3G and 4G respectively.
• The idea behind this has been explained using the comcepts in economy and environmental concerns of a nation.

Energy consumption in 5G network continued …

Economy Concerns.

• In terms of economy the industries will feel the effect of the shift to the 5G. The major areas of applications to feel the change are such as the IoT, Healthcare, Automotive and many other industries that will bring transformations in their daily lives.
• There will be creation of a very different economy because of the unprecedented innovations according to the Landmark Research projects.
• The major concerns and impacts are such as

• It will create new revenue to the economy
• New growth of the economy will be inspired.
• Innovation will be accelerated

Environmental Concerns

• Have effects to heath and have been using MMW which is still Scarcely Explored.

• RF-EMF has been exposed and thus leading to rise of health effects.
• There is suggestion of oncologic and much more the effects of non-cancerous chronic.
• RF-EMF biological effects has been needed.
• Non-communicable diseases has been underrated which could be a harm.

Ideal Energy efficient network

• Promotion of basic and applied researches in the significant energy efficiency in 5G network.
• It has raised awareness for the efficiency of energy which are potentials and building capacities.
• Reduced energy costs
• Improved the productivity and competitiveness through the quality of products which has been enhanced by reducing the rejects in production.

• Market increment by sharing of efficient solutions and all the services which are related.
• Networking
• Innovation has been fostered
• Creation of dynamics in new markets in the services of energy
• Transparency has increased with reference to the use of data and energy

Relation between Spectral efficiency and energy efficiency

Energy Efficiency is considered to as the number of bits per the number of joules that are transmitted in the energy that is available. The unit is bits per joules.

Spectral Efficiency is termed to as the rate of information which is usually transmitted over the BW given in a particular system used for communication. The unit of measurement is bits per second per Hertz.

• In characterizing between the Relation between Spectral efficiency and energy efficiency in trade-off for a point-to-point transmissions AWGN channels and Shannon’s capacity always play a very major role.

There is impact of ell sizes on the Energy- Efficient as this has reduced the size of the cell and thus increasing the number of information delivered bits/unit of energy which is given by the density of the user and the service area total power.

• Energy efficient can be enhanced in the manner when a node which asleep is formally introduced.
• There is need for investigation of the power that is needed for transmission in the new energy efficiencies models of the 5G small networks
• There is need to develop the optimizations such as joint schemes and algorithm in improving the energy efficiency of 5G as it will help in saving the computation and the power of transmission at BBUs.
• There is need to change the BBUs power computations as the heating cooling system need to support the computations functions of BBUs

Challenges in energy-efficient 5G networks

• Tradeoff between the functions computation and the power that is transmitted in the networks of 5G.
• There is power optimization for the consumption at the functions of BSs which has a massive MIMO and waves technologies used during transmission.
• Impact of the network of 5G architectures of network on the power of computation especially in small cell networks of 5G

Spectral Efficient Methods for Wireless Networks.

vSome advanced techniques in communication techniques fully that exploited the networks which are wireless in providing services of spectral efficient such as.

q     Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)

q      Multiple- Input, Multiple – output (MIMO) techniques

q      Relay transmission 

Techniques for energy efficient 5G

• Green multiple access/modulation schemes beyond OFDMA
• Energy-efficient design and assessment of mmWave communications
• Energy-aware design for small cells and HetNets (inc. WiFi integration)
• Energy efficiency aspects of Cloud RAN and other highly novel cooperative techniques

• Energy saving potential of local caching
• Green massive MIMO techniques
• Green backhauling and network deployment architectures

 Network planning and development technique

• There are major challenges which are associated with 5G planning of the network and developing such techniques. Some of the associated challenges are such as.
• More capacity
• High rate of data

• The latency is lower
• Cost and the energy is reduced
• Connectivity for all the massive devices available.
• Quality Experience.

vMillimeter Wave Energy harvesting.

Is the technique that is applied by future cellular networks in 5G. This is large spectrum of resources at a very high frequency which may lead higher data rates. 

vEnvironmental Energy harvesting

vRadio-frequency energy harvesting

Hardware solutions technique

• Wide range of Radio systems portfolio to support mobile operators to enhance network performance and continuously adding new variants to Ericsson radio systems capable of 5G-NR
• Radio Access network solution
• CPUs, FGPAs and Strong semiconductor experience to solve complex technology integration into chip

Hardware solutions technique

• There will be need to implement the RAN which will be main cloud-based technology the will be used in making the future if 5G networks effective and much more efficient.
• Designing a framework for traffic-awareness of the near-future traffic.
• Developing online design policies
• Attention being given to power amplifiers.
• Comparison between various energy efficient 5G techniques 

• The efficiency of the energy with regard to the five techniques can be compared using the three major layers which as explained using the following figures.

References

Ericsson White Paper, “More than 50 billion connected devices,” Ericsson, Tech. Rep. 284 23-3149 Uen, Feb. 2011.

 [2] “The 1000x data challenge,” Qualcomm, Tech. Rep. [Online]. Available: https://www.qualcomm.com/1000x

[3] A. Fehske, J. Malmodin, G. Biczok, and G. Fettweis, “The Global ´ Footprint of Mobile Communications–The Ecological and Economic Perspective,” IEEE Communications Magazine, issue on Green Communications, pp. 55–62, August 2011.

 [4] G. Auer, V. Giannini, C. Desset, I. Godor, P. Skillermark, M. Olsson, M. A. Imran, D. Sabella, M. J. Gonzalez, O. Blume, and A. Fehske, “How much energy is needed to run a wireless network?” IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 40–49, 201

5] “Why the EU is betting big on 5G,” Research EU Focus Magazine, vol. 15, 2015.

 [6] “NGMN alliance 5G white paper,” 

 [7] J. G. Andrews, S. Buzzi, W. Choi, S. Hanly, A. Lozano, A. C. K. Soong, and J. C. Zhang, “What will 5G be?” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1065–1082, June 2014. 

• [9] GreenTouch Foundation, “Reducing the net energy consumption in communications networks by up to 98% by 2020,” Tech. Rep., 2015. [10] D. J. Goodman and N. B. Mandayam, “Power control for wireless data,” IEEE Personal Communications, vol. 7, pp. 48–54, 2000.