Background and Importance of Sustainable Development

Considering the present situation where the ecological wellbeing of Earth has been affected on account of man’s indiscriminate economic activities, governments and legislations have become focused on regulating environmental impacts of organizations. Therefore, organizations in order to comply with the established legal frameworks and also to exercise their social responsibility properly have to devise efficient approaches towards the development of sustainable business practices that shall reduce their carbon footprints. In order to understand the practical nuances of implementation of a suitable approach for sustainable development within an organizational context, the case study of the British multinational confectionery company Cadbury shall be taken up.

Approaches to Sustainable Development

1. The Triple Bottom Line: The triple bottom line approach looks for mainly the three bottom line factors which are closely related to the business, that is the social bottom line, environmental bottom line and financial/ economical bottom line.  This approach helps in determining the performance in order to deliver greater value from the business [3]. It is suitable as a calculative tool as the three impacts of the business created on the external environment is calculated in terms of money or some index. Perceiving the impacts, remedial measures are taken in order to have a clean growth.
2. The Five Capitals: The five capital approach consists of capital elements such as Natural Capital, Human Capital, Social Capital, Manufactured capital and Financial Capital. Natural Capital looks for flow of stock or energy that facilitates production, Human Capital contains skills, health, knowledge and motivation which helps staffs do take up any work. While, social capital identifies different bodies or concerns which unites the human capital with the other phenomena. Manufactured capital is of fixed assets needed for carrying out production mechanism while, financial capital consists of monetary means which helps in carrying on with and paying off the price to the other factors of production [4]. It is suitable as it helps in defining and relating each of means of production with the production process. Businesses can easily understand what inputs they have to put in correct form so that clean growth and reproduction can be ensured.  
3. Natural Capitalism: Natural capitalism is an emerging concept where the fundamental category of capital, namely natural capital is attributed its proper value. It is constituted by the use of environment friendly technologies that extract maximum productivity out of natural capital in order to ensure that resources are not used wastefully [8]. Besides it also relies on the adoption of biologically inspired production models where wastes can be reintegrated with the ecosystem or can be used as a raw material for another industry.
4. Cradle to Cradle: Cradle to Cradle or C2C is an approach towards production systems that seeks to emulate natural processes where materials are considered as nutrients which should be allowed to circulate within the ecosystem [7].
5. The Circular Economy: The circular economy consists of the main following factors such a Reuse, Reduce and Recycle, Refurbishing, Long lasting use, Upcycling etc. Things without being used and disposed have to be reused if possible in that form, or they have to recycled again through a process and new thing can be made and used. Apart from this, use of non-biodegradable things or usable made from nonrenewable resources has to be reduced. Business concerns should also follow this in order to reduce their volume of water (mainly solid and liquid wastes) generated by them [5]. This shall aid in clean growth.
6. The Balanced Scorecard: Learning and growth, business processes, customer perspectives and financial data are the four main internal factors of a business which are analysed in order to find out and improve various internal functions of a business [6].  It is a performance metric in strategic management based on quantitative results of which, things are perceived by management and executive body and more effective decisions are made.  

Approaches Applied in the Chosen Business

Cadbury is known to be quite aware about environmental issues and they actively shoulder their responsibilities as an organization towards the creation of a sustainable ecosystem. Cadbury has taken many steps in order to reduce its carbon footprints. In 2009 it took the famous step to reduce emissions from their animals by devising an approach towards low carbon dairy farming. Also, in 2006 the organization reduced its water consumption by 17 percent [9]. In this section two of the above mentioned approaches shall be applied in the context of Cadbury in order to determine Cadbury’s environmental impact, responsibilities and the possible risks that it might have on the planet’s ecosystem. The approaches that have been chosen are natural capitalism and triple bottom line.

1. Natural Capitalism: If the approach of natural capitalism is considered, it requires the incorporation of production systems that alongside extracting the maximum utility out of a given amount of resource also aims at radically reducing the environmental impact that might arise out of the production process. For Cadbury, the major raw material for the production of their goods are milk and cocoa. From the above example it can be observed that Cadbury had been trying to cut down its emissions that are a part of its production systems for raw materials. It worked with farmers in order to develop a better diet plan for the cows so that emissions from their belching is significantly reduced [13]. It was a part of Purple Goes Green initiative by Cadbury which was initiated in 2007 in order to reduce the organization’s overall environmental impact on a holistic basis [10]. Other organizational objectives under this initiative include a 50 percent reduction in its overall carbon emissions and a 10 percent reduction in its packaging [9]. Therefore, through the lenses of natural capitalism, Cadbury is already striving towards the reduction of its carbon footprint and also it is trying the make most out of the resources that it applies in order to ensure that they are not wasted. On the other hand, there are also several risks associated with the production processes of Cadbury.
2. It had fallen prey to certain controversies which include the detection of certain harmful chemicals like melamine or hydrogenated oils in its products. Moreover, in 2008, Cadbury in concern of issues relating to the increase of its profitability had planned to relocate some of its production facilities to Poland which would cut down its production costs to a certain extent [1]. But this move by the organization goes directly against the “Purple Goes Green” ethic as it could potentially harm the environment by adding more than 12 million food miles to its brands [2]. Therefore, this would significantly increase emissions from transportation of the products. At this point, it becomes unclear whether Cadbury is really interested in the creation of a sustainable industrial framework or else it is just a facade created in order to boost its public image and thereby increase its competitiveness. Therefore, these aspects of the organization stand in opposition to the tenets of natural capitalism.  
3. Triple Bottom line: As a form of ensuring betterment of the social factors, different steps have to be ensured by Cadbury so that a suitable approach can be taken by it. It was during January 2006, Cadbury Schweppes found that most of the seven of the manufactured products were contaminated by Salmonella bacteria as a result of a pipe leaking in the Marlbrook Plant located in Herefordshire. The bacteria have first culminated in the chocolate crumb mixture that is produced here. Almost it took six months for the company to find the contamination. In April 2007, 31 people were found to be badly affected by the virus, while one person had to be hospitalized. As a result of analysing and keeping with social bottom line ethics for sustainability, the company recalled all of its seven products [9]. In 29th September 2008, the chocolates manufactured in Beijing factory were found to be contaminated by melamine. The products were also recalled for maintaining good terms in social bottom-line. It can be well seen that for maintaining proper social welfare, the company has miserably failed in this aspect and due to its carelessness, the contamination and degradation of food quality has happened quite often.
4. The company time and again has breached food safety standards and manufactured products carelessly and gas earned huge profits. As a fact of maintaining economic bottom line, the company even incurred costs of 30 million pounds to get rid of contamination and paid 1 million pounds to all the people suffering from health causes after consuming their products [12]. In case of maintaining a good environmental bottom-line for prolonged sustainability, the company took steps to reduce its water consumption. Allegations from various local and private bodies had come up regarding the huge water contamination created by the company. The company looked through the ecological factors and brought 17% decrease in water used by 2006 and by 2007,
5. it started implementing various water conservation programmes as part of the Purple Goes Green initiative to reduce water use by 100% [10]. The company also was alleged for generating huge methane emission from the cows in the dairy farms from which Cadbury took its raw milk. In order to solve the issue, the company aimed to introduce low carbon dairy farming with the farmers so that a 50% reduction in carbon and methane emission can be brought forth.  After several complaints coming from different bodies regarding the huge use of plastic for packaging purpose, the company has brought a 78% reduction in use of plastic for packaging and 50% decrease in use of cardboards [11].

Comparison of Approaches

While natural capitalism on one hand brings only the production processes and its relationship with the ecological conditions under its purview, the approach of the triple bottom line consists of three domains namely, the economic, social and the environmental. There is a possibility that former can be a bit restricted in its scope because of its failure to bring other associated factors with the environment into its consideration.

The triple bottom line on the other hand is aware of the fact that the three domains are in constant interaction with one another. Therefore, its aims at integrating a three domains and devising a plan of action that shall be beneficial for the environment, society and the economy at the same time. It can also be observed that the methodology of triple bottom line in more analytical and scientific in nature. Through a certain financial parameter, the effects on the society and environment can be calculate in definite terms.

Approaches to Sustainable Development

Coming to the specific case of Cadbury, it can be observed that when viewed through the angle of natural capitalism, it fulfils a certain number of its criteria and fails to do the same in certain others. But when seen through the perspective of the triple bottom line, its attempts at ensuring the protection of the environment fails terribly. While on one hand, there can be an environmental justification for its actions, but the approaches are completely ignorant of the social and economic factors that are also associated with the economic ones.

Therefore, its attempts at reducing its carbon footprints are rendered redundant by its attempts at increasing its profitability without thinking of these actions from an ecological angle. Cadbury’s apathetic nature towards the society can be understood from the utter negligence of some of its production systems and lack of a proper supervising mechanism which shall look into it that the products that are going out into the market are not contaminated with harmful chemicals which can adversely affect their customer’s health in case of consumption. It was only after the products had rolled out into the markets that Cadbury had realized about the contaminations and therefore, was forced to recall the products.

References

D. Adam, “Cadbury to curb methane emissions from burping dairy cows”, the Guardian, 2009. [Online]. Available: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/feb/17/cadbury-dairy-milk-cows. [Accessed: 09- Nov- 2018].

[3]”A Simple Explanation of the Triple Bottom Line | University of Wisconsin”, University of Wisconsin Sustainable Management Degree, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://sustain.wisconsin.edu/sustainability/triple-bottom-line/. [Accessed: 09- Nov- 2018].

[4]J. Porritt, “The Five Capitals”, Forum for the Future, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.forumforthefuture.org/the-five-capitals. [Accessed: 09- Nov- 2018].

[5]Activesustainability.com, “What is circular economy? | Sustainability for all”, Activesustainability.com, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.activesustainability.com/sustainable-development/what-is-circular-economy/. [Accessed: 09- Nov- 2018].

[6]QuickScore.com, “What is a Balanced Scorecard? A short and simple guide for 2018.”, QuickScore Balanced Scorecard Software, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://balancedscorecards.com/balanced-scorecard/. [Accessed: 09- Nov- 2018].

[7]M. Braungart and W. McDonough, “The Cradle to Cradle® design concept – EPEA”, EPEA, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.epea.com/cradle-to-cradle/. [Accessed: 09- Nov- 2018].

[8]H. Lovins, “Natural Capitalism: Path to Sustainability? – Natural Capitalism Solutions”, Natural Capitalism Solutions, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://natcapsolutions.org/natural-capitalism-path-to-sustainability/. [Accessed: 09- Nov- 2018].

[9]G. Roos, “Cadbury Reduces Water Consumption by 17 Percent – Environmental Leader”, Environmental Leader, 2009. [Online]. Available: https://www.environmentalleader.com/2009/03/cadbury-reduces-water-consumption-by-17-percent/. [Accessed: 09- Nov- 2018].

[10]F. Bashir, “Cadbury in the Environment: An exploration of Cadbury”, Academia.edu, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.academia.edu/7004424/Cadbury_in_the_Environment_An_exploration_of_Cadbury. [Accessed: 09- Nov- 2018].

[11]C. Fitzsimmons, “Cadbury Adds Environmentally Destructive Unhealthy Palm Oil to Its Dairy Milk Chocolate Bars”, EcoSalon, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://ecosalon.com/cadbury-adds-palm-oil-to-its-chocolate/. [Accessed: 09- Nov- 2018].

[12]Ethicalconsumer.org, “Cadbury’s Chocolate – Ethical Consumer”, Ethicalconsumer.org, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.ethicalconsumer.org/scoredetails.aspx?ProductId=535836. [Accessed: 09- Nov- 2018].

[13]P. John, “How Cadbury stayed true to green ideals”, birminghammail, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/local-news/how-cadbury-stayed-true-to-green-63439. [Accessed: 09- Nov- 2018].