AIM- To calculate the finger prints pattern, and statistical significance of fingerprint pattern.
Protocol- Finger print patterns of 35 male and female patterns are listed with distribution of arch, loop and whole in each finger for each student. The total TRC count was also recorded for both sexes.
Objective- The objective is to find the existence of different pattern of finger print in two different sexes and how it differs from each other.
Table 2
MALES |
FEMALES |
MALES AND FEMALES |
|
AVERAGE TRC |
136 |
121.6 |
128.8 |
MEDIAN TRC |
143 |
122 |
132 |
MODE TRC |
124 |
100 |
125 |
TABLE 3
MALES |
FEMALES |
MALE AND FEMALE |
|
ARCH% |
5.71% |
2.94% |
4.32% |
LOOP % |
63.43% |
76.47% |
69.95% |
Whorl % |
30.86% |
20.59% |
25.73% |
FREQUENCY IN MALES |
FREQUENCY IN FEMALES |
|
Arch (1) |
20 |
1 |
Loop (2) |
202 |
25 |
Whorl (3) |
128 |
8 |
Generally, Arch fingerprints are the least and the loop are the majority.
Male TRC |
Female TRC |
84 |
84 |
124 |
115 |
66 |
140 |
125 |
180 |
163 |
158 |
144 |
100 |
141 |
103 |
179 |
173 |
133 |
92 |
166 |
85 |
121 |
150 |
187 |
170 |
127 |
179 |
167 |
157 |
61 |
121 |
161 |
69 |
165 |
137 |
147 |
114 |
65 |
122 |
167 |
123 |
67 |
141 |
124 |
45 |
143 |
105 |
153 |
137 |
164 |
73 |
139 |
132 |
80 |
100 |
134 |
131 |
152 |
125 |
166 |
125 |
187 |
118 |
149 |
99 |
136 |
162 |
109 |
89 |
164 |
102 |
MALE AND FEMALE COMBINED DATA SERIES
A SAMPLE OF DATA
The following fingerprint data were collected from 80 individuals participating in a workshop .The average TRC for the 19 males in the sample population was 149.2 and that for the females was 129.6. These results compare favourably with those reported by Holt (1968): 145 for males and 126 for females. The frequencies for the different fingerprint patterns for the 36 participants in the workshop also compared favourably with Holt’s (1968) data from the general population:
Workshop participants General population
Loop 62.2 % 68.9 %
Whorl 29.7 % 26.1 %
Arch 8.1 % 5.0 %
Totals 100 % 100%
Note: A table will be placed on the lab computer to collect all class data. Please enter data beside your name/sex. Ultimately your name will be removed before the data is made available for student use. This is so we can fix any anomalies in the data in a timely fashion should they arise in class. A XL file with data from students will be placed on vUWS so that the exercise can be completed. Use the data set assigned to you (this will be either by lab class or by surname – instructions will be provide on this via vUWS). Do NOT alter the data in any way.
TABLE 4. Data Sheet for your fingerprints left hand thumb 2nd or index 3rd or middle 4th or ring 5th or little
Pattern whorl loop arch arch arch
Ridge count 11 10 0 0 0
Total = _21_________
prints
in
this
space
fold along dotted line fold along dotted line
right hand thumb 2nd or index 3rd or middle 4th or ring 5th or little
Pattern _loop___ _loop____ _loop_____ __arch____ _arch______
Ridge count __14____ _13______ __11______ _0______ _0________
Total = _38_________
Place Prints in
this
space
fold along dotted line fold along dotted line TRC = __59_______
If you wish it may be easier to produce prints on a separate piece of paper, and cut and paste them into appropriate spaces above.
EXTEND YOUR UNDERSTANDING WITH ADDITIONAL TRC PROBLEMS
Total fingerprint ridge count exemplifies a polygenic inheritance pattern. Penrose (1969) and others have suggested that a minimum of seven gene loci contribute to TRC, but a four-locus model is hypothesized in the problems that follow. Thus, AABBCCDD represents the genotype for maximum ridge count and aabbccdd symbolizes the genotype for the minimum ridge count. Assume that each active (dominant) allele adds 12 ridges to the TRC of the male and 9 to the TRC of the female and that having the genotype aabbccdd produces a baseline TRC of 80 for males and 70 for females. (one answer is given below to clarify any issues with these instructions). You must also complete these questions for the assignment.
Genotype Male Female
AABBCCDD _176____________ _142_____________
AabbccDd _104_____________ _88______________
AaBBCcDD _152____________ _124_____________
aaBbCCDd answer = 128 _106_____________
9a. Write the genotypes of both parents (the parental cross) who are heterozygous for all four genes (i.e. tetrahybrid cross). _P1=_AaBbCcDD______P2=AaBbCcDd_______________________________________
Parents: mother: 106 Father: 128 TRC: 234
Male Child: TRC is 176
1/4 * ¼ * ¼ * ¼ = 1 over 256
10a. If an AaBbCcdd male mates with an AaBbCCDD female
The TRC of the male will be less than the parent with a lower ridge count.
The female child will have a higher TRC than the parent with the higher ridge count.
Probability ½ * ½ * ¼ *1/2 = 1 over 32
Discrepancies within the results are caused by a variety of factors which may include booth environment and genetic influences. Multiple factors causing defects within traits are usually reformed to as multifactorial inheritance. Environmental factors can develop traits and defect like genes received from parents. Genetic factors that are received from parents include the influence of sustenance are examples of environmental factors that may cause the aforementioned defects.
References
Crawford, M.H., and R. Duggirala. 1992. Digital dermatoglyphic patterns of Eskimo and Amerindian populations: relationships between
geographic, dermatoglyphic, genetic and linguistic distances. Human Biology 64(5):683-704. Durham, N.M., and C.C. Plato, eds. 1990. Trends in dermatoglyphic research. New York, Springer.
Galton, F. 1892. Finger prints. London: Macmillan and Company.
Garruto, R.M., C.C. Plato, and B.A. Schaurnann, eds. 1991. Dermatoglyphics: science in transitions. Birth Defects Original Article Series.
New York: Wiley-Liss.
Holt, S. B. l968. The genetics of dermal ridges. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, 195 pages.
Klug, W.S., and M.R. Cummings. 2006. Concepts of Genetics. 8th ed.
Kücken, M. (2007). Models for fingerprint formation. Forensic Science International, 171, 85-96.
Lynch, M., and B. Walsh. 1999. Genetics and analysis of quantitative traits. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer
Mendenhall, G., T. Mertens, and J. Hendrix. 1989. Fingerprint ridge count-A polygenic trait useful classroom instruction. The American
Biology : Teacher 51(4):203-207.
Mendenhall, G., T. Mertens, and J. Hendrix. 1989. Fingerprint ridge count. American Biology Teacher, 51:203–207.
Moore, L.A. 1987. Dermatoglyphics. Gene Pool, January: 1-4. [A Resource Letter for Educators and Students. Dayton, OH: Children’s
Medical Center.]
Nagle, J.J. 1984. Heredity and human affairs, 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO: Times Mirror/Mosby College. Publishing.
Nagy, A.S., and M. Pap. 2004. Comparative analysis of dermatoglyphic traits in Hungarian and Gypsy Populations. Human Biology 76(3):383-400.
Penrose, L.S. 1969. Dermatoglyphics. Scientific American, 221 (6), 72-83. Note there is something wrong with the page numbering with this article – it jumps from 84 to 79.
Reed, T. 1981. Dermatoglyphics in medicine: Problems and use in suspected chromosome abnormalities. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 8:411–429.
Reed, T. 1981. Review: Dermatoglyphics in medicine–problems and use in suspected chromosome abnormalities. American journal of Medical Genetics 8:411-429. 15 Genetics Laboratory 300845
Roberts, D. 1979. Dermatoglyphics and human genetics. Pages 475–494, in Dermatoglyphics – Fifty years later (W. Wertelecki and C. C. Plato, Editors). Birth Defects: Original Article Series, Vol. 15, No. 6, Alan R. Liss, New York, 800 pages. Russell, P.J. 2006. iGenetics a Mendelian approach -New York: Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company. Schaumann, B., and M. Alter. 1976. Dermatoglyphics in medical disorders. Springer-Verlag, New York, 258 pages. Slatis, H. M., M. B. Katznelson, and B. Bonne-Tamir. l976. The inheritance of fingerprint patterns. American Journal of Human Genetics, 28:280–289.
Spence, M. A., R. C. Elston, K. K. Namboodiri, and W. S. Pollitzer. 1973. Evidence for a possible major gene effect in absolute finger ridge count. Human Heredity, 23:414–421.
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